National Center for Education and the Economy

1. National Center for Education and the Economy Mathematics Panel Co-ChairsPhilip Daro Solomon Garfunkel Panel John T Baldwin Patrick Callahan Andrew S Chen Wade Ellis, Jr. Robert L Kimball, Jr. Lucy Hernandez Michal Geri Anderson-Nielsen Lisa Seidman Colin L Starr

2. College and Career Readiness With the growing complexity of the world and the increasing demands of the 21st-century workforce, there is little question that all students should be prepared for college, careers, and life. The question is … What does college and career-ready mean?

3. About 40 years ago, 72% of U.S. jobs were held by individuals with a high school degree or less. By 2018, only 38% of jobs will be available to individuals without some education and training after high school. Carnevale, Anthony P. et al. (June 2010). Help Wanted: Projections of Jobs and Education Requirements Through 2018. Georgetown. Center on Education and the Workforce

4. Nearly one-half of all job openings in the United States are “middle skill” jobs, all of which require at least some postsecondary education and training. By contrast, those with a high school diploma or less are eligible only for one-fifth of all job openings,those that are deemed “low skill.” Holzer, Harry J. and Robert I. Lerman (February 2009). The Future of Middle-Skill Jobs. Brookings Institution.

5. As our economy continues to shift from a goods-based to a knowledge-based economy, a greater proportion of the workforce will need some form of college degree or certification in order to succeed. Of the 20 fastest-growing professions, 12 require an associate’s degree or higher, and of the 71 jobs projected to grow by 20% or more in the coming years, all of them will require some college. Andrew Wiley, JeffreyWyatt andWayneJ. Camara. (2010). The DevelopmentofaMultidimensionalCollegeReadiness. TheCollegeBoard,

6. Occupations with the most job growth (thousands of workers from 2012 through 2022) Personal care aids 581 Registered nurses 527 Retail salespersons 435 Food (serve & prepare) 424 Nursing assistants 312 Administrative assistants 308 Customer service reps 299 Janitors 280 Construction laborers 260 General managers 244 Material handlers 242 Carpenters 218 Bookkeeping & accounting 205 Truck drivers 193 Medical secretaries 189 Childcare workers 184 Bureau of Labor Statistics: http://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_table_104.htm

7. The College Board: “bigfuture” https://bigfuture.collegeboard.org/explore-careers/careers/industries-with-the-fastest-and-biggest-growth

8. The College Board: “bigfuture” https://bigfuture.collegeboard.org/explore-careers/careers/industries-with-the-fastest-and-biggest-growth

9. akey role of two-year colleges:getting students career ready core academic skills and the ability to apply those skills to concrete situations in order to function in the workplace and in routine daily activities employability skills (such as critical thinking and responsibility) that are essential in any career area technical, job-specific skills related to a specific career pathway Association for Career and Technical Education • 1410 King Street, Alexandria, VA 22314

10. The question is … What does college and career-ready mean?

11. Textbooks Exams Projects Syllabi AccountingAutomotive TechnologyBiotechElectrical TechnologyBusinessCriminal JusticeEarly Childhood EducationInformation Technology/Computer ProgrammingNursingGeneral Education Track PISA Rubric CCSS Content

15. Common Core Grades 6 & 7 • Ratios & Proportional Relationships • The Number System • Expressions & Equations • Geometry • Statistics & Probability Grade 8 • The Number System • Expressions & Equations • Functions • Geometry • Statistics & Probability

16. Subject Matter Texts: Percent of text chapters and exams containing CCSSM domains for subject matter courses studied Chart 1

17. Subject Matter Texts: Mathematics Found in Textbooks Page 14 - Figure 1

18. Subject Matter Texts: Mathematics Found in Textbooks Page 16 - Figure 2.3

19. Subject Matter Texts: Mathematics Found in Textbooks Page 17 - Figure 9.1

20. Subject Matter Texts: Mathematics Found in Textbooks Page 19 - Figure 7

21. Subject Matter Texts: Mathematics Found in Textbooks Page 19 – Figures 8 & 9

22. Mathematical Sciences: 2025 Many mathematical scientists remain unaware of the expanding role for their field, and this incognizance will limit the community’s ability to produce broadly trained students and to attract more of them. A community-wide effort to rethink the mathematical sciences curriculum at universities is needed. Page 2

23. Using mathematics in context – requiring reasoning and sense making The PISA demands students to think about the mathematics they are working with by making connections and reflecting on them at a level beyond the routine use of mathematics. They are akin to the mathematical practices in the CCSS. The panel found that only 10 to 15% of the items in texts and exams required this higher level of mathematical thinking. Yet, all the mathematics found in core courses is IN CONTEXT. Math courses must prepare students for contextually-based problems for which the learner decides on the tools. Standard 1: Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them Standard 2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively Standard 3: Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others Standard 4: Model with mathematics Standard 5: Use appropriate tools strategically Standard 6: Attend to precision Standard 7: Look for and make use of structure Standard 8: Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning

24. Using mathematics in context – requiring reasoning and sense making The PISA demands students to think about the mathematics they are working with by making connections and reflecting on them at a level beyond the routine use of mathematics. They are akin to the mathematical practices in the CCSS. The panel found that only 10 to 15% of the items in texts and exams required this higher level of mathematical thinking. Yet, all the mathematics found in core courses is IN CONTEXT. Math courses must prepare students for contextually-based problems for which the learner decides on the tools. Standard 1: Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them Standard 2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively Standard 3: Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others Standard 4: Model with mathematics Standard 5: Use appropriate tools strategically Standard 6: Attend to precision Standard 7: Look for and make use of structure Standard 8: Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning

25. Using mathematics in context – requiring reasoning and sense making The PISA demands students to think about the mathematics they are working with by making connections and reflecting on them at a level beyond the routine use of mathematics. They are akin to the mathematical practices in the CCSS. The panel found that only 10 to 15% of the items in texts and exams required this higher level of mathematical thinking. Yet, all the mathematics found in core courses is IN CONTEXT. Math courses must prepare students for contextually-based problems for which the learner decides on the tools. Standard 1: Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them Standard 2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively Standard 3: Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others Standard 4: Model with mathematics Standard 5: Use appropriate tools strategically Standard 6: Attend to precision Standard 7: Look for and make use of structure Standard 8: Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning

26. Subject Matter Texts and Exams: Level of Question (PISA) Page 20 – Chart 3

27. Findings Mathematics• Many community college programs demand little or no mathematics• Mathematics needed in many associate of applied science programs is mostly middle school mathematics• Students command of middle school mathematics concepts is weakRecommendations: Master middle school mathematics – Do notrush students through middle school mathematics Master Algebra I by sophomore year – make sure the emphasis is on using algebra as a tool in modeling and problem solving Quoting the Report

28. Our (NCEE) research shows that many of the most popular community college programs leading to well-paying careers require mathematics that is not now included in the mainstream high school mathematics program, including mathematical modeling (how to frame a real-world problem in mathematical terms), statistics, and probability.

29. Mathematical Sciences: 2025 The need to create a truly compelling menu of creatively taught lower-division courses in the mathematical sciences tailored to the needs of twenty-first century students in pressing, and partnerships with mathematics-intensive disciplines in designing such courses are eminently worth pursuing. Page 10

30. Our research also shows that success in many community college programs demands mastery of certain topics in mathematics that are rarely, if ever, taught in American elementary and secondary schools, including complex applications of measurement, geometric visualization and schematic diagrams.

31. Mathematical Sciences: 2025 It is not enough to rearrange existing courses to create alternative curricula; a redesigned offering of courses and majors is needed. Page 11

32. Mathematics in Automotive TechnologyManufacturer’s specs state that pressure readings in drive should be within 10% of pressure readings in neutral. Is the drive reading as indicated below within spec? What are the possible explanations for this? What would be a possible customer complaint? Infusing Mathematics into Automotive Technology Instruction CORD and Michigan’s Dept. of Career Development Math used in core courses

33. Math used in core courses

34. Math used in core courses

35. Math used in core courses

36. Math used in core courses

37. Discrepancy between the percent of text chapters containing mathematical content: mathematics courses vs program courses Page 32 – Chart 14

38. Discrepancy between the percent of text chapters containing mathematical content: mathematics courses vs program courses Page 33 – Chart 15

39. Discrepancy between the percent of exam questions containing mathematical content: mathematics courses vs program courses Page 33 – Chart 15

40. Discrepancy between the percent of exam questions containing mathematical content: mathematics courses vs program courses Page 33 – Chart 15

41. Findings Mathematics• Algebra II is not a prerequisite for success in community college or in most careersRecommendationHigh schools should abandon the requirement that all high school students take Algebra II. Quoting the Report

42. Mastery of Algebra II is widely thought to be a prerequisite for success in college and careers. The panel foundthis is not the case. Requiring all H S students to take Algebra II may be an unnecessary barrier.

43. Mathematical Sciences: 2025 It is evident that, in view of the ever-increasing complexity of real life applications, the ability to effectively use mathematical modeling, simulation, control and optimization will be foundation for the technological and economic development of Europe and the world. Page 84

44. Findings Mathematics• Mathematical modeling, statistics and probability, complex measurement, schematics and geometric visualization needed in many community college programs but not now taught in most schoolsRecommendationBroaden the scope of what is taught (required) in high school mathematics to include critical topics like statistics and probability (not simply as a separate course), mathematical modeling and other topics that strengthen the students’ ability to succeed in their career. Quoting the Report

45. Findings Mathematics• Mathematics tested in community colleges falls far short of what is in students’ textbooks and short of what they need in careers they have chosen Quoting the Report

46. What does this disconnect or bad alignment cost?

48. Prerequisites required for College Algebra - based on percent of text chapters and exam items that utilize CCSSM domains Page 70 – Chart G1

49. Fast Facts (National Council of State Legislators) • The need for remediation is widespread. When considering all first-time undergraduates, stud­ies have found anywhere from 28 percent to 40 percent of students enroll in at least one re­medial course. When looking at only community college students, several studies have found remediation rates surpassing 50 percent. • Students are not testing at college-ready levels on na­tional assessments. Only 25 percent of students who took the ACT met the test’s readiness benchmarks in all four subjects (English, reading, math and science) in 2012. A mere 5 percent of African Americans and 13 percent of Hispanics met the readiness benchmarks in all four subjects. • Remediation is costly for states to pro­vide and for students to take. Strong American Schools estimates the costs of remedial education to states and students at around $2.3 billion each year. • Compounding the costs is the fact that remedial students are more likely to drop out of college without a degree. Less than 50 percent of re­medial students complete their recommended remedial courses. Less than 25 percent of remedial students at community colleges earn a certificate or degree within eight years. • Students in remedial reading or math have particularly dismal chances of success. A U.S. Department of Ed­ucation study found that 58 percent of students who do not require remediation earn a bachelor’s degree, compared to only 17 percent of students enrolled in re­medial reading and 27 percent of students enrolled in remedial math.

50. Prerequisites required for general mathematics courses - based on percent of text chapters and exam items that utilize CCSSM domains Page 70 – Chart G2