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Nomadic Frontiers

Nomadic Frontiers. Byzantium, Islam, and China 1000-1200 AD. Islamic Internal Conflicts. Shiite Fatmid Caliphate in Cairo 1021 Druze al-Hakim disappears Will spawn radical Islamic splinter group Sunni Caliphate in Baghdad Hashish Assassins Guild hired by both sides.

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Nomadic Frontiers

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  1. Nomadic Frontiers Byzantium, Islam, and China 1000-1200 AD

  2. Islamic Internal Conflicts • Shiite Fatmid Caliphate in Cairo • 1021 Druze al-Hakim disappears • Will spawn radical Islamic splinter group • Sunni Caliphate in Baghdad • Hashish Assassins Guild hired by both sides

  3. The Coming of the Steppepeople • Turks enter Middle East from Central Asia • Moving because of domino effect (climate change) • Seljuk Turks take Baghdad in 1055 • “Army of God” • Converted to Islam • conquered in name of Sunni Islam • India • Anatolia • Levant

  4. Threat of the Crusaders • Western world saw Crusades as an extension of Christian power • Islamic world saw as minor nuisance • Crusaders began as pilgrims • political unrest in Middle East led to armed guards/escorts for pilgrims • adopt Muslim notion of “holy war” • penance • justify warrior culture

  5. Call to Crusade • 1090 Pope Urban II put together military expedition to take the “Holy Land” • Part of his plan for Christian unity • captured Jerusalem 1099 • carved out Christian kingdoms in Middle East and increased wealth of church • Muslim powers too caught up in internal struggles to pay much attention

  6. Turkish Stabilization of M.E. • c. 1150 Zengi, a Turkish chieftain comes to power in Sunni part of Islamic Empire • Saladin, a Kurdish general, is his second in command, succeeds Zengi • 1197 Saladin unites Middle East under his banner • conquered Fatmid caliphate • end of independent Shiite state • Shiites would be a minority in Sunni dominated empires until the second half of the 20th century • Defeated the Crusader Kingdoms • end of intermarriage and alliance between Christians and Muslims • Led to anti-Jewish campaigns by Christians in Europe • Blamed Jews for loss of Crusader states

  7. Saharan Islam • Political unrest in Muslim Sahara led to Christians retaking Spain/N. Africa c. 1100 • Muslims rulers recruited nomadic tribes to save kingdom • Almoravids • radical Islam • Re-conquer Spain and N. Africa • move south in W. Africa • Ghana • Gao

  8. Healing Islamic Conflicts • New philosophy of Sufism surfaces • pop with peasants, not upper class • Mystical rather than legalist Islam • al-Ghazali unified Sufism w/ mainstream Islam • Sufi mystics became most tolerant of Islamic peoples

  9. Byzantium • Archaic, inflexible government • church controlled by state • Byzantine Emperor de facto head of Byzantine Orthodox Church • Governmental systems dating back to Constantine • Shrinking as Islam grows • turn to missions and diplomats • converted Russia (Vladimir of Kiev) • monopolized literacy • Built commonwealth of Orthodox buffer states • Used ceremony and ornamentation to awe ‘barbarians’ • Mechanical fire-breathing lions • Fragile stability

  10. Emperor Basil II 976 AD • deal with conflict between large landowners and throne • destroyed many landowners and gave land to peasants • made peace with Arabs • set realistic geographic boundaries • Danube to the Euphrates • est. large standing army to enforce internal control • Levied large tax on aristocracy • filled treasury

  11. Basil’s Heirs • Basil dies without an established heir • Power given to nieces • Zoe • Theodora • Powerful women led to a rise in esteem for family • Fertility admired as much as virginity • Elite rebelled against “unnatural” female leadership

  12. Empress Zoe

  13. Conflicts in Christianity • Eastern (Orthodox) vs. Western (Catholic) Church • Latin vs. Greek • common language = common culture • Disagreements over DOGMA • Absolute authority • Pope vs. Patriarchs • Possibility of unity vs. common enemies • Islam • Failure to unite leads to Byz. losing most of Anatolia to Turks • Normans (descendents of the Vikings) • Normans convert to Latin (Catholic) Christianity

  14. Byzantium and the Crusades • 1097 Latin crusaders arrive to “help” Byzantium against the Turks • divided by religious squabble • Crusaders more interested in grabbing power than helping Byzantines • Anna Comena • crusaders did not return any Byzantine lands

  15. Anna Comnena

  16. Conflict w/ Venice • Byzantine agriculture fails in 1100s • focus entirely on trade to feed populace • partners w/ Venice • Italian Pirates • Coveted Byzantine trade • In 1204 the 4th Crusade needed Venetian fleet to move them to the Holy Land • Crusaders conquered Constantinople and gave Venice trade rights in exchange for passage to the Holy Land • Byzantine power never recovered • Lasting legacy of Byzantium mostly in preservation of Greek and Roman learning

  17. China and the New Barbarians • End of the Tang • series of disasters 800-1000 AD • Emperor dies with out heir 859 AD • Uighars (10000) driven out of central Asia into Chinese lands • Bandit gangs grew into armies • renegade students • displaced monks • Armies fight over control of state • political disunity • Loss of Mandate of Heaven

  18. Rise of the Song Dynasty • 960 AD rebel general proclaimed self-emperor • Dynasty lasts til 1279 AD • constant conflict with “barbarians” • Liao Kingdom • central Mongolia • led by warrior empresses • Chunjin 926-947 AD • Xiao 982-1009 AD • pushed S to Yellow River • achieved equality with Song 1004

  19. New Barbarians cont. • Xia Kingdom • between Tibet and Gobi • 1044 treaty of equality with Song • 1115 AD Jurchen moved out of N. Manchria • Hunter people forced south during global warming • conquered Liao • most of N. China • achieved parity with Chinese

  20. Song Expansion • forced S. centered on Yangtze • expanded SW and dominated indigenous people • internal expansion • new rice from Vietnam • draining wetlands • 2 crop system • double food supply • deforestation

  21. Song Economy • money economy • Replaced earlier non-universal monetary and barter systems • minting coins • developed by putting less and less precious metal in coins • paper money • huge urban growth

  22. Women in Song China • Urban growth led to changing view of women • In pastoral settings, women had to work • Seen as commodities in urban setting • foot binding to keep from escaping or being able to do independent work

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