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Resilience Concepts in Relation to Oil Spill Disaster Risk Reduction

Resilience Concepts in Relation to Oil Spill Disaster Risk Reduction. Mike Jones Resilience Alliance Connectors Program. Kinds & Definitions of Resilience. 38 resilience frameworks in DRR.

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Resilience Concepts in Relation to Oil Spill Disaster Risk Reduction

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  1. Resilience Concepts in Relation to Oil Spill Disaster Risk Reduction Mike Jones Resilience Alliance Connectors Program

  2. Kinds & Definitions of Resilience • 38 resilience frameworks in DRR. • Holling distinguished between “engineering resilience” (the behavior of systems around their equilibrium point) and “ecological resilience” (the behavior of systems near critical thresholds). • 10 categories of ecological resilience including: • the operational definition of resilience of what (the defined system) to what (the defined disturbance) • Resilience as a “boundary object” for communication across disciplines. Its meaning becomes “fuzzy” in this context. • Emergency planning emphasizes “bounce-back” attributes of resilience (engineering resilience) to the exclusion of “bounce forward” attributes (ecological resilience) • This limits management options.

  3. Two Kinds of Resilience Engineering resilience is based on the assumption that systems are known and behave predictability. Engineers design systems that are resilient in the sense that they are intended to be “fail-safe” under a wide range of operating conditions. Graphic from Ison 2010

  4. Two Kinds of Resilience Ecological resilience is based on the assumption that systems are potentially knowable but unpredictable. Ecological systems are resilient in the sense that they are “safe-to-fail” under a wide range of environmental conditions. Graphic from Ison 2010

  5. Two Kinds of Resilience In engineering systems, collapse may lead to improved design! Deepwater Horizon Photo: US Coastguard

  6. Two Kinds of Resilience Collapse (Re)organisation In ecological systems, collapse is essential for maintaining resilience and for evolution! Conservation Exploitation Collapse and the subsequent re-organisation and renewal create the opportunity for evolutionary change. System pathologies arise when management aims to prevent the occurrence of natural cycles.

  7. Two Kinds of Resilience COMPLICATED COMPLEX Wicked problems: no objectively definable solution Unknown Knowable Unknowable Ecological Resilience Pattern Management Adaptive Management Scientific Managers Intuitive Managers Epistemology SIMPLE CHAOS Known Turbulent & Engineering Resilience unconnected Consequence of inadequate expertise & structural failure Best Practice Crisis Management Known Engineers Un-order Order Ontology Adapted from Snowden 2002, Snowden & Stanbridge2004

  8. Two Kinds of Resilience Ecological (systemic) and engineering (systematic) resilience are two different but complimentary ways of knowing and understanding resilience. They can be applied to complex adaptive social-ecological-engineered systems. Graphic from Ison 2010

  9. Resilience Models: Tools For Identifying Thresholds 1. Change within systems: Adaptive Cycle (Holling 2004) 3. Transitions betweensystem states: Ball and Basin (Scheffer et al., 2001) 2. Interactions between systems: Panarchy (Holling 2004)

  10. Thresholds in SES: Measuring Resilience • Latitude (L): the maximum amount a system can be changed before losing its ability to recover • Resistance (R): ease or difficulty of changing the system • Precariousness (Pr): current trajectory - how close the system is to a ‘threshold’ • Panarchy (Pa): influence on the focal scale from scales above and below Coarser scale Pr Focal scale L R Finer scale Graphic from Walker, Holling, Carpenter & Kinzig (2004)

  11. Thresholds in SES: Strategic Choices • Maintain the system within its current state (enhance “bounce-back” and adaptive capacity; or • Deliberately engineer a transformation by taking the system across a threshold into a new state (enhance “bounce-forward” and transformability).

  12. Thresholds Example

  13. Important Caveats • Efforts to increase resilience of one part of the system may reduce resilience of other parts. • It may be necessary to maintain general resilience to cope with emerging evolutionary problems while addressing specified resilience by managing thresholds.

  14. Important Caveats • In a social context: • What constitutes a “desirable state” is a value judgment. Conflicts of values (beliefs and assumptions) may occur. • Resilience for whom becomes a critical issue of power and politics. • Resilience is not a reason for reducing state support to vulnerable communities in the name of “self-reliance”. • Delineation of system boundaries may lead to exclusionary practice

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