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A Changing World: 1813-1900

A Changing World: 1813-1900. The Results of Enlightenment, Revolution , and Imperialism… The Power of the West over the Rest . What Napoleon wrought. Payback by the victors to the loser What countries won? What had France done to Europe from 1790-1813?

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A Changing World: 1813-1900

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  1. A Changing World: 1813-1900 The Results of Enlightenment, Revolution, and Imperialism… The Power of the West over the Rest

  2. What Napoleon wrought • Payback by the victors to the loser • What countries won? • What had France done to Europe from 1790-1813? • What would the winners want for their victories? (Congress of Vienna)

  3. What Enlightenment wrought American Revolution French Revolution Haiti _______________________

  4. What countries had revolutions? • Answer the following questions… • Who led the revolt? • What year was the revolt? • What country was thrown out? • Ethnic background? Language? Religion?

  5. Latin American Wars of Independence Ethnic & Social Hierarchy Peninsulares CreolesCriollos Mestizos Mulattoes European-descended Latins Native American & European Spanish-born African & European 2nd class – owned mines, haciendas, and ranches Lowest – denied status, wealth & power available to whites; higher only to slaves Held top jobs in gov’t & Church

  6. Nationalism Cause and Effect

  7. 1840s+ European uprisings failed b/c: • 1) Rulers’ use of military • 2) Lack of support from the masses • 3) Lack of a unified struggle

  8. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The first phase of the Industrial Revolution (~1750-1850) was: • forged from iron, • powered by steam, • driven by textiles… • Later phase occurred in the mid-1800s • New sources of energy • new methods of production • New forms of business • New technology

  9. Starts in Britain…why? • Factors of Production: - Land - Natural resources; coal, iron ore, rivers, transportation - Labor – increased population, landless poor -factories-low wages, honorable for middle class to go into business - Capital - $, tools, equipment, rich investors - Other factors - colonies, navy, Parliament passes protective laws

  10. Social Darwinism • Origin of the Species (1859) natural selection = most adaptable • Tied to human behaviour • Competition –survival of the fittest • White Anglo-Saxon superiority defined and supported by…White Man’s Burden … racism, religion

  11. IMPERIALISM • im·pe·ri·al·ism • 1.the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. • 2.advocacy of imperial  interests. • 3.an imperial  system of government. • 4.imperial  government. • 5.British . the policy of so uniting the separate parts of an empire with separate governments as to secure for certain purposes a single state. • Origin: 1855–60; imperial1  + -ism

  12. So to repeat the reasons for… • Self-sufficiency (Ind. Rev. inc. demand for new raw mat’s – rubber, oil, gas,…) • New markets (to sell goods) • Nationalism – strong nation-states • Outlets for [over]population • Religious motives (e.g., spread Christianity) • “White Man’s Burden”; duty to civilize • Social Darwinism - Cultural & Racial Superiority – Dual Mandate…

  13. Success of the West due to… • Weakness of non-Western states – Ottoman Turks; Mughals (India); Qing (China) • Western advantages – strong armies (w/ modern weapons); strong economies; well-organized gov’ts; adv. medicine,… Forms of Imperial Rule • Direct rule - control all levels of gov’t (French – assimilation) • Indirect rule – use local rulers (British - protectorates) • Spheres of Influence – claim exclusive economic privileges (U.S. – claimed most of Latin America)

  14. Impact of Imperialism New Economic Patterns • Global economy: a new form of mercantilism • Money economy – replaced barter • Dependency by the “have nots” on the “haves” • Modernization – comm. & trans. networks, banking systems, rr’s,…

  15. Cultural Impact • Europeans – convinced of their own superiority • Westernization – European ways & modernization met w/ resistance • Education – often instructed by missionaries; taught basic literacy & job skills for colonial gov’ts • Medicine – vaccines, hygiene; inc. pop. growth (& undermines local healers) • Religion - spread Christianity • Traditions – many saw value in new tech. & culture; others resisted (“old” values)

  16. C) Impact on Western Culture • Began w/ Columbian Exchange (1500s); sped up during 1800s (Ind. Rev.) • Increased tensions – b/w western powers; competition for new lands (Africa, Asia, Middle East,…) • Imperialism disrupted traditional gov’ts; united rival peoples or divided cohesive tribes & kingdoms…see Africa • By 1900s – many western-educated elites organized nationalist movements (anti-colonial)

  17. African Imperialism A Scramble for Colonies • Berlin Conference 1884-85 • Bismarck; boundaries; no Africans invited; free trade along Congo & Niger R’s; no Eur. claims w/o “effective occupation” • Europe carves upAfrica – Britain, France, Belgium,Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal,… • Ethiopia (Abyssinia) & Liberia – independent

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