Renaissance Europe

1. Renaissance Europe Chapter 3 AP Euro

2. The European Continent v. U.S. & Canada

3. Breakdown of European History: • 1. “Classical Period”- Ancient Greece/Rome • 2. “Middle Ages/Medieval Period”- (Early : 476-1000, High : 1000-1300, Late : 1300- 1450) • 3. “Early Modern Period” – 1450to mid 1700’s • 4. “Modern Period”- Mid 1700’s to Present

4. DON’T FORGET!! • 13th century = 1200’s • 14th century= 1300’s • 15th century = 1400’s • 16th century = 1500’s • 17th century = 1600’s • 18th century = 1700’s • 19th century = 1800’s • 20th century – 1900’s • 21st century = 2000’s

5. The Italian Renaissance Chapter 3: Renaissance EuropePages: 45-53

6. What is the Renaissance? • A transition from Medieval to EarlyModern times 1350-1600 • A period of dramatic economic, social, and cultural change • “Re-birth”of Art & Culture • Began in Italy, Spread throughout Europe

7. A Shift in Social Values • During the Middle Ages: • Values based on codes of honor and chivalry that reflected the social relations of the traditional feudal hierarchy. • Social Organization: • Landowners (nobles) • Those who fight (knights) • Those who pray (monks) • Those who work the fields (peasants)

8. A Shift in Social Values • During the Renaissance: • Values reflected the ambition and pride of the commercial class (the new merchant/middle class) that dominated Italian Society.

9. The Italian Renaissance • Can also be seen as an age recovery from: • 1. Social/Demographic/Economic Crisis: • The Black Death (plague) 1347-1351 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZy6XilXDZQ • 2. Religious Crisis: • The Great Schism 1378-1417 • Break in the Catholic Church (3 Popes at one point)!

10. Maybe Rats Aren’t to Blame? • New study (2018) suggests that perhaps medieval plagues spread via fleas and lice ON PEOPLE!!

11. The Renaissance Began In… • Florence, Italy • 1350-1600

12. Why Italy? – Historical Past • Legacy of the ancient Roman Empire • 1. Roman laws provided framework or order and development of political life • 2. Roman roads linked cities to towns and allowed for trade

13. Why Italy? –Political Organization • The City States: • Trade rich cities became powerful city states • In competition with each other for political and economic power

14. Why Italy? –Political Organization • 5 Important City States • 1. Milan • 2. Papal States • 3. Kingdom of Naples • 4. Venice • 5. Florence

15. The Growth of Italian City States: Location! Location! Location! • Geographygave Italian city states: • Cultural / Commercial advantage • International trade • 13th-14th Centuries: Trade rich cities becamewealthy“city states”

16. The Growth of Italian City States: Population • By the 1300’s • Florence, Venice, and Milan all had populations of 100,000 people

17. Other Independent City- States • Under the control of powerful ruling families • Examples: • Mantua, ruled by the Gonzaga family) • Ferrara, ruled by the d’Este family) • Urbino, ruled by the Montefeltro family

18. Why was Florence Italy So Wealthy? • 1. Textile Industry • Florentine Luxury cloth traded throughout Europe & Asia • Employed 30,000 workers

19. Why was Florence, Italy So Wealthy? • 2. Agriculture • In River valleys of Tuscany & Lombardy • Production of grains, wine, vegetables • Agricultural surplus

20. Why was Florence, Italy So Wealthy? • 3. Geographic Location • Proximity to Mediterranean trade routes/International trade • Most prosperous & Wealthy City State • 5th largest city in Europe by mid 1350’s

21. Social Structure and Competition in Florence • 1. Grandi– “old rich” nobles & merchants • 2. PopoloGrosso – “fat people” newly rich merchant class (bankers, capitalists) 5% of population • Challenge the old rich for political power

22. Social Structure and Competition in Florence • 3. Middle Burgher/Mediocri– shop owners, professionals, guild masters, artisans • Allied themselves with the new rich • 4. Popolo minuto – “little people” lower economic classes

23. Social Inequality in Florence • 1378 Ciompi Revolt (“the wooden shoes”) • Peasants “Popolo minuto “ rebelled against the upper classes • Lower classes ruled Florence for 4 years until…

24. Cosimo de’ Medici • Gained control of Florence in 1434-1494 • Despot – ruled with absolute power • Medici family also known as the “Merchant Princes”

25. Medici Family Background • Were merchants/Bankers • Gained wealth Through: • 1. Manufacture & commerce of textiles • 2. Banking • Became the Official Bankers of Catholic Church

26. How did the de Medici Family Gain Power? • Cosimo de’ Medici became involved in politics – position of Head of the Office of Public Debt • Medici Family used friendships, bribery, corruption, intimidation to maintain power

27. How did the de Medici Maintain Power? • Amicidegliamici (friends of friends) People befriended de Medici’s friends in order to gain status/ belong to “in crowd” • Enemies of the de’ Medici: usedintimidation tactic BruttaFigura • Public humiliation against enemies

28. Cosimo de Medici, a Patron of the Art • Cosimo de’ Medici Sponsored artists to produce great works of art • To beautify city • For personal collection • Medici Library Fillipo Brunnelleschi (architect)

29. Cosimo’s Grandson Lorenzo “the Magnificent” (r. 1478-1492) • Promoted family’s power with patronage of the arts • Paid artists to beautify city • Survived assassination attempt in 1479 • Medici “godfathers of the Renaissance”

30. the House of Medici

31. Maintaining Power & Social Status in Renaissance Italy • Marriage an alliance of powerful, wealthy families • Marriages reinforced status & power • See Document 2.1: • Letters written by Alessandra Strozzi (Florence) to her son Filippo in Naples (1464-65)

32. Document Analysis: “Marriage Negotiations: The Strozzi, 1464-65” • 1. What is the Origin of the Document? • What is it? Letter? poem? court record? • 2. What is the Purpose of the Document? • Why was it written? For whom? • 3. What are the Values of the document? • Point of view? What do we learn about the marriage practices of the elite? How were women perceived? What is the purpose for marriage? 4. What are the limitations of the document?

33. Duke & Duchess of Urbino, 1472 • What does this painting tell us about marriage, wealth, and social status?

34. Duke & Duchess of Urbino, 1472 • Artist: Piero della Francesca • Federico da Montefeltro & his 2nd wife, Battista • Marriage: he was 35, she 13!!! • Had 7 daughters • She died at 26 at the birth of 7th child.

35. ABOUT the Duke & Duchess of Urbino, 1472 • http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/piero-della-francesca-portraits-of-the-duke-and-duchess-of-urbino.html

36. Historian Jacob Burckhardt’s Interpretation of the Renaissance (1860) • Argued that the revival of ancient learning in 14th &15th century Italy gave rise to new secular and scientific values. • He established framework for all modern interpretations of the time period.

37. Problem with Burhardt’s (1860) Interpretation of the Renaissance • 1. Most scholars agree that the Renaissance was a transition from Medieval to Modern Times. • 2. Failed to recognize the depths of its religious sentiment • 3. Christianity prevailed even amongst Humanists (as seen in works of art of the time period).

38. HUMANISM Chapter 3: Renaissance EuropePages: 55-57

39. What is Humanism? • A personal attitude towards life & learning • Features of Humanism: • 1. A revival of Classical Antiquity • 2. Individualism -celebration of the individual/individual achievement • Virtu- the ability to make an impact in one’s chosen field or Endeavour. • 3. Secularism- people and objects in the world are important

40. Features of Humanism • 1. A Revival of Classical Antiquity • Re-discovery of Greek & Roman art, culture, literature, philosophy

41. Features of Humanism • 2. Individualism- A Revived Emphasis On Individual Ability • L’uomo Universale “Universal Person” • Capable of achievements in many areas of his life • “well rounded education” • “A celebration of the individual” and his achievements

42. Features of Humanism • 3. Secularism- • the secular world (not associated with religion) gained importance, however, Christianity still a big part of daily life • example: some artists produced works of art that are not religious in nature.

43. The Italian Renaissance Emphasized… • Humanism AnIntellectual Movement • 1. based on the study of the classical works of ancient Greece & Rome • 2. Advocated Studia Humanitatis (Liberal Studies) • 3. Celebrated individual achievements

44. Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) “Father of Humanism” Italian Renaissance Humanist Scholar, poet, credited with the re-discovery of classical works Wrote in Latin and Italian

45. Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) - Works • 1. Letters to the Ancient Dead – Cicero, Livy,Vergil • 2. Lives of Illustrious Men – biographies of Roman men

46. Document Analysis: Petrarch’s Sonnet XVII • from Petrarch’s Canzioniere • 1. What is the Origin of the Document? • What is it? Letter? poem? court record? • 2. What is the Purpose of the Document? • Why was it written? For whom? • 3. What are the Values of the document? • Point of view? What do we learn about the time period? How is this poem an example of humanism? 4. What are the limitations of the document?

47. About Laura…

49. Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) • Italian Renaissance Humanist • Describes humans as free to become whatever they choose • “…We have made thee neither of heaven nor of earth, neither mortal or immortal, so that with freedom of choice and with honor, as though the maker and molder of thyself, thou mayest fashion thyself in whatever shape you shall prefer.”

50. Humanists Believed In… • A Well rounded liberal Studies education • Studia Humanitas– grammar, rhetoric, logic, philosophy, history, poetry, mathematics, astronomy, & Music