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Whiteflies

In Service Training University of Florida IFAS March 12, 2013. Whiteflies . IST Organizers. Catharine Mannion , Tropical Research and Education Center Lance Osborne , Mid-Florida Research and Education Center William Schall , Palm Beach County Extension

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Whiteflies

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  1. In Service Training University of Florida IFAS March 12, 2013 Whiteflies

  2. IST Organizers • Catharine Mannion, Tropical Research and Education Center • Lance Osborne, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center • William Schall, Palm Beach County Extension • Eileen Buss, Dept. of Entomology and Nematology

  3. Whiteflies • Whiteflies are NOTflies • Piercing-sucking mouthparts – both adults and nymphs feed • Excrete honeydew • Some species transmit viruses • Some species produce waxy substances • Host range – single to multiple hosts

  4. Adult Whiteflies • Small, white, “moth-like” in appearance Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS

  5. Whitefly Nymphs • More variable in appearance than adults • Resemble “scale insects” Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS

  6. Whitefly Introductions 2007 - Ficus Whitefly 2009 – Rugose Spiraling Whitefly 2011 – Bondar’s Nesting Whitefly Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS

  7. Ficus WhiteflySinghiella simplex (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) • Only feeds on ficus species • Introduced in 2007 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Photo: A. Roda, USDA APHIS

  8. Ficus Whitefly - Damage • Causes leaf yellowing • Leaf drop (severe) • Branch dieback (highly variable) Photo: H. Glenn, and C. Mannion, UF/IFAS

  9. Ficus WhiteflyLife Cycle Adult Whitefly (2-4 days) Eggs (10 days) Constant temperature (80º F) *2nd 4th instar – puparia (5.8 days) 1st instar – crawler (4.2 days) *3rd 2nd-3rd instars – nymphs 2nd instar – 3.7 days; 3rd instar – 3. 3 days Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS

  10. Ficus Whitefly Immature Stages • The immature stages (typically found on the underside of leaves) tend to be flat, oval and can vary in color or transparent • The pupal case is often one of the most visible stages Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS

  11. Natural Enemies Observed in the Landscape Encarsia protransvena Amitus bennetti Harmonia axyridis Olla v-nigrum Exochomus childreni Chilocorus nigritis Curinus coeruleus Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS

  12. Effect of Temperature on Length of Life Cycle of Ficus Whitefly

  13. 2009 2010 Mean Number Live Adults per Sticky Trap 2011 2012 2013

  14. Current SituationFicus Whitefly • Spreading and increasing in other areas (moving North) but will be limited by its host plant (ficus) • Numerous natural enemies established • Nuisance “factor” • Loss of aesthetics and privacy (ficus) • Overall hysteria – leads to bad decisions • Heavy reliance on systemic insecticides • “Ficus” decline • Whitefly populations are decreasing in some initial areas

  15. Continued Ficus Decline Whiteflies Present • Insecticide Resistance • Viruses/bacteria/toxins • Low use rates • Drought or other environmental conditions Whiteflies Not Present • Cumulative stress • Nutrition • Disease • Phomopsis and Diaporthe – cause branch dieback under stress conditions

  16. Rugose Spiraling Whitefly Gumbo Limbo Spiraling WhiteflyAleurodicus rugioperculatus • First found in Miami on gumbo limbo, Bursera simaruba,Spring 2009 • Known in Belize, Mexico and Guatemala • Adult is relatively large and docile • Produces excessive honeydew and wax Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS

  17. White, waxy substance Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS

  18. Honeydew and sooty mold Photos: H. Glenn and C. Mannion UF/IFAS

  19. Honeydew and sooty mold Photos: K. Gabel, Monroe County Extension and C. Mannion and UF/IFAS

  20. Eggs Rugose Spiraling Whitefly 1st Instar Adult 2nd Instar 4th Instar 3rd Instar Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS

  21. Rugose Spiraling WhiteflySpiraling Eggs Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS

  22. Host Plants for Rugose Spiraling Whitefly • At least 90 different host species (34 plant families) • 60% of samples sent for ID are from 9 host plants • Gumbo limbo (17%) • Coconut (10%) • Calophyllum spp. (10%) • Avocado (9%) • Black olive (5%) • Pigmy date palm (3%) • Bird of Paradise(2%) • Christmas palm (2%) • Mango (2%)

  23. Effect of Temperature on the Life Cycle of the Rugose Spiraling Whitefly

  24. Parasitoids Identified • Encarsia guadaloupae • Encarsia noyesii • Aleuroctonus sp. Predator Identified • Nephaspis oculata • Well established in Florida for > 25 years

  25. Current SituationGumbo Limbo Spiraling Whitefly • Whitefly populations are increasing and spreading • A couple of natural enemies established • Ongoing efforts for new natural enemies and release systems • Nuisance “factor” • Loss of aesthetics – “messy” situation • Affecting pools, ponds etc. • Tree removal • Overall hysteria – leads to bad decisions • Heavy reliance on systemic insecticides

  26. Bondar’s Nesting WhiteflyParaleyrodes bondari • First detected in Dec 2011 • Three other species known in Florida • Not known as economic pest • Often seen with Rugose spiraling whitefly Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS

  27. Bondar’s Nesting Whitefly • White wax • Honeydew • Sooty mold

  28. Bondar’s Nesting Whitefly Nymphs Whitefly “nest” Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS

  29. Not whitefly Powdery Mildew Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS

  30. Natural Enemies • Wasp parasitoid, Encarsia variegata • Beetle predator, Nephaspis oculata Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS

  31. Current Situation • Impact of this whitefly is unknown • Commonly found on ficus • Often found in association with other whiteflies (i.e. particularly Rugose spiraling whitefly) • Some natural enemies identified • Nuisance “factor” • Typically not as messy as Rugose spiraling whitefly • Heavy reliance on systemic insecticides

  32. QUESTIONS

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