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Introduction and History

Introduction and History. Micro biology Microorganism: 主要之研究對象 Microbes: animalcules Definition: 無法以肉眼看到之微小生物 Microscope: Anton van Leeuwenhoek magnifying glasses. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723). Discovery of microbial world. Origin of microorganisms

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Introduction and History

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  1. Introduction and History • Microbiology • Microorganism:主要之研究對象 • Microbes: animalcules • Definition:無法以肉眼看到之微小生物 • Microscope: Anton van Leeuwenhoek magnifying glasses

  2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

  3. Discovery of microbial world • Origin of microorganisms • Spontaneous generation 自然發生說 • organisms arise from nonliving matter----Francesco Redi • 腐肉生蛆 • John Needham • Abbe Lazzaro Spallanzani

  4. Francesco Redi

  5. Biogenesis • Louis Pasteur—thefather ofMicrobiology A French chemist disprove the spontaneous generation swan-necked flasks • John Tyndall-English physicist hay infusion heat-resistant forms---endospore

  6. Swan-necked flasks

  7. The golden age of microbiology • Began in 1857 to the 20th century for 60 years • The work of Louis Pasteur 1. Pasteurization wine fermentation yeast cells and bacteria germ theory of disease

  8. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

  9. Pasteur and diseases • Isolation 隔離法 • Vaccination 預防注射vaccine 疫苗 vaccinia virus 牛痘病毒 • Biogenesis

  10. Anthrax 炭疽病 Bacillus anthracis Koch’s postulates Cultivation techniques Pure culture 純培養 Robert Koch

  11. Koch’s postulates

  12. Joseph Lister

  13. Characteristics of microorganisms • Prokaryotes (pro= primitive) 原核生物 • Eukaryotes (eu=true) 真核生物 1. bacteria 細菌 Rickettsiae 立次菌 Chlamydiae 披衣菌 Mycoplasmas 黴漿菌 Cyanobacteria 藍菌

  14. Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus cereus

  15. Bacillus subtilis

  16. Scope of Microorganisms • 2. Fungi 真菌 --eukaryotes • 3. Protozoa 原生動物--eukaryotes • 4. Unicellular algae 藻類--eukaryotes • 5. Viruses 病毒

  17. Cyclotella meneghiniana – an algae

  18. Tetrahymena pyriformis– a protozoa

  19. Crithidia luciliae-flagellate protozoan

  20. General properties of microorganisms • Origin of classification--- taxonomy 3 Kingdoms—Plant, Animal, Protist • Modern classification Robert H. Whittaer in 1969 Five-Kingdom system—Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

  21. Bacterial Taxonomy • Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology • Nomenclature—binomial system 二名法 (bi-nomial=two names) Escherichiacoli or Escherichia coli E. coli 大腸桿菌 Bacillus subtilis or B. subtilis 枯草桿菌

  22. Five-Kingdom system

  23. Size Relationships • The unit of length: micrometer, μm Protozoa 100 μm Virus 0.01 μm Fungi 10-40 μm Bacteria 1-5 μm Rickettsiae 0.5 μm Chlamydiae 0.25 μm

  24. Size comparison

  25. Microscopy • Light microscope 光學顯微鏡 bright-field microscope compound microscope oil-immersion microscopy • Dark-field microscope 暗視野顯微鏡 • Phase-constrast microscope 位像差顯微鏡 • Fluorescent microscope 螢光顯微鏡 • Electron microscope 電子顯微鏡

  26. Bright-field Dark-field Interference contrast Phase-contrast

  27. Electron Microscope • TEM穿透式電子顯微鏡 Transmission Electron Microscope • SEM 掃描式電子顯微鏡 Scanning Electron Microscope

  28. SEM TEM

  29. E. coli

  30. Staphylococcus aureus金黃色葡萄狀球菌

  31. Streptococcus pyrogenes化膿性練球菌

  32. Poliovirus– a virus

  33. Aspergillus flavus – a fungus

  34. Special fields of Microbiology • Immunology 免疫學 • Virology 病毒學 • Chemotherapy 化學療法 • Genetics 遺傳學 • Molecular Biology 分子生物學 • Genetic Engineering 基因工程學 • Biotechnology 生物技術學

  35. DNA double helix

  36. The scope of Microbiology • Basic Microbiology • Applied Microbiology

  37. Basic Microbiology • Morphology, Structure • Nutrition, Growth, Metabolism • Control • Genetics • Host-microbe interaction

  38. Applied Microbiology • Medical Microbiology • Food Microbiology • Industrial Microbiology • Environmental Microbiology Soil Microbiology Water Microbiology Air Microbiology

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