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Lecture 10 Locks

Lecture 10 Locks. Scheduling Control: Mutex /Lock. Basic pthread_mutex_t lock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER; pthread_mutex_lock (&lock); x = x + 1; // or whatever your critical section is pthread_mutex_unlock (&lock); Other variants int pthread_mutex_trylock ( pthread_mutex_t * mutex );

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Lecture 10 Locks

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  1. Lecture 10Locks

  2. Scheduling Control: Mutex/Lock • Basic pthread_mutex_tlock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER; pthread_mutex_lock(&lock); x = x + 1; // or whatever your critical section is pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock); • Other variants intpthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex); intpthread_mutex_timedlock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex, structtimespec *abs_timeout);

  3. int main(intargc, char *argv[]) { if (argc != 2) { fprintf(stderr, "usage: ...\n"); exit(1); } max = atoi(argv[1]); pthread_t p1, p2; printf("main: begin [counter = %d] [%x]\n", counter, (unsigned int) &counter); Pthread_create(&p1, NULL, mythread, "A"); Pthread_create(&p2, NULL, mythread, "B"); // join waits for the threads to finish Pthread_join(p1, NULL); Pthread_join(p2, NULL); printf("main: done\n [counter: %d]\n [should: %d]\n", counter, max*2); return 0; } #include <stdio.h> #include "mythreads.h" #include <stdlib.h> #include <pthread.h> int max; // shared global variable volatile int counter = 0; void * mythread(void *arg) { char *letter = arg; inti; // stack printf("%s: begin\n", letter); for (i = 0; i < max; i++) { counter = counter + 1; } printf("%s: done\n", letter); return NULL; }

  4. ControllingInterrupts void lock() { DisableInterrupts(); } void unlock() { EnableInterrupts(); } • Would it work? • Problems: • We have to trust the application • Does not work on multiprocessors • Inefficient • Only used in limited contexts

  5. Evaluating Locks • Correctness • Fairness • Performance

  6. typedefstruct __lock_t { int flag; } lock_t; void init(lock_t *mutex) { // 0 -> lock is available, 1 -> held mutex->flag = 0; } void lock(lock_t *mutex) { while (mutex->flag == 1) // TEST the flag ; // spin-wait (do nothing) mutex->flag = 1; // now SET it! } void unlock(lock_t *mutex) { mutex->flag = 0; }

  7. Test And Set (Atomic Exchange) intTestAndSet(int *ptr, int new) { intold = *ptr; // fetch old value at ptr *ptr = new; // store ’new’ into ptr return old; // return the old value }

  8. typedefstruct __lock_t { int flag; } lock_t; void init(lock_t *mutex) { // 0 -> lock is available, 1 -> held mutex->flag = 0; } void lock(lock_t *mutex) { while (TestAndSet(&lock->flag, 1) == 1) ; // spin-wait (do nothing) } void unlock(lock_t *mutex) { mutex->flag = 0; }

  9. Evaluating Spin Locks • Correctness: yes • Fairness: no • Performance: • bad on single CPU • reasonable if the number of threads roughly equals the number of CPUs

  10. Compare-And-Swap intCompareAndSwap(int *ptr, int expected, int new) { intactual = *ptr; if (actual == expected) *ptr = new; return actual; }

  11. typedefstruct __lock_t { int flag; } lock_t; void init(lock_t *mutex) { // 0 -> lock is available, 1 -> held mutex->flag = 0; } void lock(lock_t *mutex) { while (CompareAndSwap(&lock->flag, 0, 1) == 1) ; // spin-wait (do nothing) } void unlock(lock_t *mutex) { mutex->flag = 0; }

  12. Load-Linked and Store-Conditional intLoadLinked(int *ptr) { return *ptr; } intStoreConditional(int *ptr, int value) { if (no update to*ptr since the LoadLinked to it) { *ptr = value; return 1; // success! } else { return 0; // failed to update } }

  13. void lock(lock_t *mutex) { while (1) { while (LoadLinked(&mutex->flag) == 1) ; // spin until it’s zero if (StoreConditional(&mutex->flag, 1) == 1) return; // if set-it-to-1 succeeded: all done // otherwise: try it all over again } } void unlock(lock_t *mutex) { mutex->flag = 0; }

  14. Fetch-And-Add and Ticket Locks intFetchAndAdd(int *ptr) { intold = *ptr; *ptr = old + 1; return old; }

  15. typedefstruct __lock_t { intticket; int turn; } lock_t; void lock_init(lock_t *lock) { lock->ticket = 0; lock->turn = 0; } void lock(lock_t *lock) { intmyturn = FetchAndAdd(&lock->ticket); while (lock->turn != myturn) ; // spin } void unlock(lock_t *lock) { FetchAndAdd(&lock->turn); }

  16. Spinning is Bad • Imagine two threads on a single processor • Imagine N threads on a single processor

  17. void init() { flag = 0; } void lock() { while (TestAndSet(&flag, 1) == 1) yield(); // give up the CPU } void unlock() { flag = 0; }

  18. Sleeping Instead Of Spinning • On Solaris, OS provides two calls: • park() to put a calling thread to sleep • unpark(threadID) to wake a particular thread as designated by threadID

  19. typedefstruct __lock_t { intflag; int guard; queue_t *q; } lock_t; void lock_init(lock_t *m) { m->flag = 0; m->guard = 0; queue_init(m->q); }

  20. void lock(lock_t *m) { while (TestAndSet(&m->guard, 1) == 1) ; //acquire guard lock by spinning if (m->flag == 0) { m->flag = 1; // lock is acquired m->guard = 0; } else { queue_add(m->q, gettid()); m->guard = 0; park(); } }

  21. void unlock(lock_t *m) { while (TestAndSet(&m->guard, 1) == 1) ; //acquire guard lock by spinning if (queue_empty(m->q)) m->flag = 0; // let go of lock; no one wants it else // hold lock (for next thread!) unpark(queue_remove(m->q)); m->guard = 0; }

  22. void lock(lock_t *m) { while (TestAndSet(&m->guard, 1) == 1) ; //acquire guard lock by spinning if (m->flag == 0) { m->flag = 1; // lock is acquired m->guard = 0; } else { queue_add(m->q, gettid()); setpark(); // new code m->guard = 0; park(); } }

  23. Different Support on Linux • On Solaris, OS provides two calls: • futex_wait(address, expected) puts the calling thread to sleep, assuming the value at address is equal to expected. If it is not equal, the call returns immediately. • futex_wake(address) wakes one thread that is waiting on the queue.

  24. void lock(lock_t *m) { intv; /* Bit 31 was clear, we got the mutex(fastpath) */ if (atomic_bit_test_set(m, 31) == 0) return; atomic_increment(m); while (1) { if (atomic_bit_test_set(m, 31) == 0) { atomic_decrement(m); return; } /* We have to wait now. First make sure the futex value we are monitoring is truly negative (i.e. locked). */ v = *m; if (v >= 0) continue; futex_wait (m, v); } }

  25. void unlock(lock_t *m) { /* Adding 0x80000000 to the counter results in 0 if & only if there are not other interested threads */ if (atomic_add_zero (mutex, 0x80000000)) return; /* There are other threads waiting for this mutex, wake one of them up. */ futex_wake (mutex); }

  26. Concurrent Counters typedefstruct __counter_t { intvalue; } counter_t; void init(counter_t *c) { c->value = 0; } void increment(counter_t *c) { c->value++; } void decrement(counter_t *c) { c->value--; } intget(counter_t *c) { return c->value; }

  27. typedefstruct __counter_t { int global; // global count pthread_mutex_tglock; // global lock int local[NUMCPUS]; // local count (per cpu) pthread_mutex_tllock[NUMCPUS]; // ... and locks int threshold; // update frequency } counter_t; void init(counter_t *c, int threshold) { c->threshold = threshold; c->global = 0; pthread_mutex_init(&c->glock, NULL); inti; for (i = 0; i < NUMCPUS; i++) { c->local[i] = 0; pthread_mutex_init(&c->llock[i], NULL); } }

  28. void update(counter_t *c, intthreadID, intamt) { pthread_mutex_lock(&c->llock[threadID]); c->local[threadID] += amt; // assumes amt > 0 if (c->local[threadID] >= c->threshold) { pthread_mutex_lock(&c->glock); c->global += c->local[threadID]; pthread_mutex_unlock(&c->glock); c->local[threadID] = 0; } pthread_mutex_unlock(&c->llock[threadID]); } intget(counter_t *c) { pthread_mutex_lock(&c->glock); intval = c->global; pthread_mutex_unlock(&c->glock); return val; // only approximate! }

  29. Concurrent Linked Lists typedefstruct __node_t { intkey; struct __node_t *next; } node_t; typedefstruct __list_t { node_t *head; pthread_mutex_t lock; } list_t; void List_Init(list_t *L) { L->head = NULL; pthread_mutex_init(&L->lock, NULL); }

  30. intList_Insert(list_t *L, int key) { pthread_mutex_lock(&L->lock); node_t *new = malloc(sizeof(node_t)); if (new == NULL) { perror("malloc"); pthread_mutex_unlock(&L->lock); return -1; // fail } new->key = key; new->next = L->head; L->head = new; pthread_mutex_unlock(&L->lock); return 0; // success }

  31. intList_Lookup(list_t *L, int key) { pthread_mutex_lock(&L->lock); node_t *curr = L->head; while (curr) { if (curr->key == key) { pthread_mutex_unlock(&L->lock); return 0; // success } curr = curr->next; } pthread_mutex_unlock(&L->lock); return -1; // failure }

  32. intList_Insert(list_t *L, int key) { // synchronization not needed node_t *new = malloc(sizeof(node_t)); if (new == NULL) { perror("malloc"); return; } new->key = key; // just lock critical section pthread_mutex_lock(&L->lock); new->next = L->head; L->head = new; pthread_mutex_unlock(&L->lock); }

  33. intList_Lookup(list_t *L, int key) { intrv = -1; pthread_mutex_lock(&L->lock); node_t *curr = L->head; while (curr) { if (curr->key == key) { rv = 0; break; } curr = curr->next; } pthread_mutex_unlock(&L->lock); return rv; // now both success and failure }

  34. Hand-over-hand Locking

  35. Next: Condition Variables Semaphores

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