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AP EURO Unit #1 – Renaissance and Reformation Lesson #7a English Reformation

AP EURO Unit #1 – Renaissance and Reformation Lesson #7a English Reformation. click. Henry VII. 1509-1547 (father to Henry VIII) HENRY TUDOR Wars of the Roses – needed to legitimize line Married Elizabeth of York Austere - Crown was broke Four kids – married into monarch families

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AP EURO Unit #1 – Renaissance and Reformation Lesson #7a English Reformation

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  1. AP EUROUnit #1 – Renaissance and ReformationLesson #7aEnglish Reformation click

  2. Henry VII • 1509-1547 (father to Henry VIII) • HENRY TUDOR • Wars of the Roses – needed to legitimize line • Married Elizabeth of York • Austere - Crown was broke • Four kids – married into monarch families • Margaret – Scotland (prevent invasion) • Arthur – Spain ($$ and power) – Catherine of Aragon • Mary – nobility (nobility) • Henry – same as Arthur

  3. York vs. Lancaster (Wars of the Roses)

  4. TUDOR ENGLISH FAMILY TREE Henry VII Elizabeth of York Henry VII Margaret Mary Henry Catherine of Aragon Arthur Henry VIII ADORED Catherine of Aragon. Loved her most • Daughter of most power family in Europe (Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain) • He crushed on her from the day he met her When his brother died, Henry was thrilled to be allowed to marry his brother’s wife… with special permission from the Pope

  5. Motivations for Henry VIII • Why did he have to have a son? (we learned this from Giovani Arnolfini) • Why did he have to have a SECOND son? • How will having two sons contribute to the stability of England? • How did the way his dad became king affect his actions when he became king?

  6. Catherine of Aragon • Daughter to Ferdinand and Isabella ($$$!) • Had been married to Arthur • He died, she lived • What should Henry VII do? • Betrothed the Henry • Henry had always wanted her • He was 11, she was 18 • Wedding was 6 years later • Pope gave special dispensation to marry his SIL

  7. WHY WAS CATHERINE OF ARAGON UNFIT FOR HENRY VIII?

  8. Henry the warrior • Henry VIII – vision of a glorious warrior • Expanded Navy • Planned to invade France • Alliances with Spain and HRE (1510) • Alliance with Pope Julius II – Anti-Fr. Holy League • Invaded France (1513) – Battle of Spurs • Henry personally led troops • Won some battles and French land • Julius died (1513) – Leo recalled troops • Louis just went home 6m

  9. Why did Henry want to win glorious battles? WHAT KIND OF PERSON WAS HE?

  10. NEW SUBJECT… (in the mean time…) HOW DO YOU THINK HENRY VIII FELT ABOUT THE GERMAN REFORMATMION? WHY?

  11. Defense of the Seven Sacraments (by HENRY VIII, 1521) • "I hope I have made clear how rashly [Luther] calumniates (making false and defamatory statements) the Church, and how impertinent, how impious, and how absurd he is against the holy Fathers; against Scriptures; against the public faith of the Church; against the consent of so many ages and people; even against common sense itself.“ • This led to a grateful Pope granting Henry the titles DEFENDER OF THE FAITH Summarize how Henry feels about Luther in a few words Why will the Pope appreciate this sort of decisive support from a King?

  12. HOW DO YOU THINK HENRY VIII FELT ABOUT THIS TITLE FROM THE POPE? HOW DOES THIS ACOLADE FROM THE POPE FIT RIGHT INTO HENRY’S PERSONALITY?

  13. Henry VIII • Henry VIII was much more “fun” than his dad • He went hunting, and competed against other kings in tournaments and jousting • He had lots of girlfriends, too, and some had sons • He was OBSESSED with having sons • He died with only one legitimate son … a sickly young boy named Edward • He eventually married six times, had three kids, and lots of illegitimate kids with mistresses All three of Henry VIII’s kids eventually became kings (monarchs) of England • First Edward • Then “Bloody” Mary • Then Elizabeth “the Virgin Queen Anne’s description of Henry

  14. Catherine of Aragon • Henry adored his wife, Catherine of Aragon. • She got pregnant almost ten times. • All but one died. • Just one daughter lived past infancy. • And Catherine grew, her body exhausted from pregnancies and complications. • By 1522 and she was 40, she was done trying to produce and heir for Henry • But Henry NEEDED sons 1m

  15. Henry VIII in context… • Remember how Henry’s dad became king • Remember how Henry BECAME king • (heir and a spare) • So… WHY WOULD HENRY AND ENGLAND FEEL IT’S HIS DUTY TO HAVE LEGITIMATE SONS FOR THE STABILITY OF THE NATION? • This issue became known as THE KING’S GREAT MATTER

  16. Second half of monarchy • Henry was still “a catch.” • But, as Catherine grew old, and her body became exhausted with failed pregnancies… • Henry VIII became obsessed with having sons • “The King’s Great Matter” (1525-1534) • Married 14 years to Catherine (9 yrs. Betrothed) • Had a cute relationship – romantic • He did have affairs • Mary Bollen (sister to Anne Boleyn) • Bessy Blount – had a son (Henry Fitzroy) 3m

  17. Henry’s options in 1522 • Catherine did produce one living child… a daughter, Mary… • Marry off Mary – hope she’d have a son • Problem… she was only 11 • Just declare Mary the next monarch • Problem, England had no history of a woman child monarch… or any woman, for that matter • Legitimize one of his illegitimate sons • Tested this by giving his favorite son, Henry Fitzroy title “Duke of Richmond” • Not accepted by other royals or nobles… • Find a new wife

  18. WHAT’S HENRY’S BEST OPTION?

  19. Henry desperate for legitimate son • Catherine was done with kids (too old) • (GF) Mary Bollen – had a son and daughter • Anne refused to have an affair • Pope refused to grant a divorce

  20. Divorce would be difficult • The Catholic Church does not “do” divorce, but marriages can be annulled, as long as they were not “consummated” • Henry could ask special permission from the pope, but WHY WOULD HE LIKELY REFUSE? • Also, Pope was currently a captive of the Holy Roman Emperor, who was also the King of Spain. What does Spain have to do with Catherine? • How does Spain rank on the {powerful nation scale}?

  21. Henry was refused an annulment • Usually only granted with a lack of consummation • However… • The Pope refused… • REASONS: • The Pope was under the “protection” of the HRE (HRE had captured the Papal States) • Catherine was the aunt of the HRE • The pope had already granted special dispensation

  22. Solution the The King’s Great Matter Act of Supremacy Problems… • Henry was a loyal Catholic • “Defense of the Seven Sacraments • Went to mass several times/day • Would alienate England • Would alienate the King from Catholics • Including Thomas More

  23. Anne Boleyn • Sister to Mary – Henry’s mistress (1521-1526) • Educated, sophisticated, French trained • Henry expressed interest as early as 1525 • Refused to be a mistress • Intrigued the King • Finally gave in • Pregnant with Henry’s child when married • Married Henry Jan 1533

  24. Act of Supremacy • Anne gave birth to Eliz. In Sept. • Henry was still married to Catherine • Four months later, marriage was annulled by Archbishop of Canterbury • Parliament legislated Act in 1534 • CHURCH OF ENGLAND was born

  25. The Church of England • “Anglican” • No doctrinal changes under Henry • Henry closed down monasteries • Sold the land to supporters • Executed all who opposed him • Including Thomas More • Wrote Six Articles

  26. IN WHAT WAYS WAS HENRY NOT AT ALL SELFISH WITH THIS MOVE?

  27. Life with Anne Boleyn • Henry passionately adored Anne • Until… • She gave birth to a daughter • Then… several miscarriages1534-1536 • Final pregnancy miscarried in 1536 when Anne heard Henry had fallen off a horse • Henry banished Anne • Moved Jane Seymour in • Anne arrested for treason and incest • Executed 1536

  28. Jane Seymour • Gave birth to a son • Then died • Henry heartbroken • Advisors recommended he marry again • And from a Protestant region • Cromwell found Anne of Cleves • “no better than a Flanders mare”

  29. Anne of Cleves • Henry married her sight unseen • At the wedding, he was unenthused • She smelled • She was unattractive • She was not at all cute or sexy • Henry was already eying up Catherine Howard • He never consummated marriage to Anne • Granted a divorce • Anne given Anne Boleyn's family castle • Cromwell decapitated, skull boiled, and impaled on London Bridge • Anne remained friends with Henry

  30. Catherine Howard • Young, cute, sexy and energetic • First cousin to Anne Boleyn – totally undisciplined • Had affairs – aunt sent her to court • Henry fell for her – ~19 (UNK) • “pathetic infatuation (he was 50… and fat) • “a rose without a thorn” • Married Henry in a year • Henry found a new youth… • … then… she had another affair click

  31. Fate of Catherine Howard • Henry refused to believe • Was given proof – and devastated • Executed both men • Culpepper (friend of Henry) beheaded • Derehem – drawn and quartered • Heads displayed at “traitors gate” to she could see them when she entered • She was executed… was only 21

  32. Catherine Parr • Sixth wife • She was a widow • The “most married queen in English history” • Henry was 3rd of four husbands • She had no interest in him • She was to marry Thomas Seymour (Jane’s brother) • Intelligent, kind, respectful, conversational • Reconnected Henry to his daughters • Act of Succession

  33. Henry VIII • At this point – extremely fat (400#) – 54” waist • Open wound on leg • Likely type II diabetes, and head wound • Obesity and mood swings • “Defender of the Faith” (1523) • Defense of the Seven Sacraments (1521) • Commissioned English Bible • Closed monasteries (1536) • Six Articles (1539) (supported Catholic doctrine)

  34. Six Wives of Henry VIII • DIVORCED • Catherine of Aragon • Mary Tudor • Anne Boleyn • Princes Elizabeth • Jane Seymour • Edward • Anne of Cleves • Catherine Howard • Catherine Parr Mary I • BEHEADED Elizabeth I • DIED Edward VI • DIVORCED • BEHEADED • SURVIVED

  35. “Issue” of Henry VIII • Edward VI • Raised as a true Protestant • Reformed the Church of England • Died young • Jane Grey • Jane of Nine Days • Mary I • Bloody Mary • Elizabeth I • Queen Bess • The Virgin Queen

  36. Edward VI • 1547-1553 • Book of Common Prayer (1549) • Dismantled images and altars • Destroyed stained glass, shines, statues • Vestments prohibited • Clergy encouraged to marry • Processions banned • DOCTRINE BECAME PROTESTANT • Justification by Faith • Denied transubstantiation • Supremacy of Scripture; reduced to two sacraments

  37. Mary I • 1553-1558 • Eliminated Jane • Repealed Act of Supremacy • Restored the Church • Reversed Edward’s changes • Married Philip II of Spain 1554 (prince) • Banned Protestants • Killed 287 Protestants • “Bloody Mary”

  38. Marybecame queen when she was older • She was raised a Catholic • When she became queen, she brought the Catholic Church back • She married Philip of Spain • She killed anyone who protested • Protestants would later called her “BLOODY MARY” • because she killed so many protestants • She died after five years – no kids

  39. Elizabeth I • 1558-1603 (45 years) • Mom was Anne Boleyn • Elizabethan Settlement • Act of Supremacy – 1559 • Act of Uniformity – 1559 • Return to Edward’s church • Refused to marry Philip II • Supported Dutch rebellion against Spanish control (7,000 English troops to Netherlands)

  40. Elizabeth I • “Politique”: put political leadership in front of religious beliefs • Tolerant of Puritans (purify the church) • Repelled Spanish Armada(1588) • Executed Mary, Queen of Scots

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