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Slavery’s Defenders & Critics

This article explores the proslavery ideology and antislavery sentiments in the United States during the period of 1830-1860. It examines the market revolutions, transportation revolution, energy sources, and the ambivalence of Thomas Jefferson towards slavery. It also discusses the development and consequences of proslavery ideology, including its relation to racism, land use, and white non-slaveholders. Additionally, the article covers the criticisms and resistance against slavery, including slave rebellions and the abolitionist movement. Lastly, it explores the intersection of feminism and antislavery activism in the United States.

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Slavery’s Defenders & Critics

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  1. Slavery’s Defenders & Critics Proslavery Ideology & Antislavery Sentiments in an Age of Reform, 1830-1860

  2. Market Revolutions • Eli Whitney & the cotton gin (1793) • Long vs. short staple cotton • Industrial textiles • Lowell, MA • Slavery revival • Abolitionism • Western migration • Anglos to Texas

  3. King Cotton • Dark Sweat, White Gold • 1815-60: US Cotton makes up ½ all exports • World supplier of cotton • 1817: 500K bales • 1860: 4.8 million

  4. Map 29

  5. Transportation Revolution • Significance? • Widening markets • Economies of scale • Interdependency of states • Passenger travel/migration • Freedom of mobility

  6. Energy Sources • Human muscle, horses, oxes, mules • Food (plants and animals) • Hay • Prairie grass: Mississippi River to Rockies • Eaten by horses • Wood: 40 cords per year (North) • Steam boilers & engines • Falling water (rivers, streams)

  7. Erie Canal: Albany to Buffalo • 1817-1825; 350 miles • New York to New Orleans: 2 weeks • Shipping Costs • 1/10th land transport • Passenger travel

  8. Map 27

  9. Ch. 11, Image 19

  10. The Ambivalence of Thomas Jefferson • “a necessary evil” • Slavery & virtue • Liberty & equality vis-à-vis slavery • Notes on the State of Virginia • Tyranny for master & slave

  11. From Ambivalence to Defense • Proslavery Ideology (1830-) • Civilizing force • Christianity & savagism • Paternalism • Father & children • Slavery vs. wage slavery • Worker’s rights & protections • Safety net

  12. Ch. 11, Image 8

  13. Ch. 11, Image 9

  14. Ch. 11, Image 10

  15. Proslavery Ideology & Racism • White supremacy • Notes on Virginia • Psuedo-science • Sambo stereotype • Regretful runaways • Rigors of capitalist society • Wages of whiteness

  16. George Fitzhugh & the Proslavery Argument (1854) • Anti-free labor system • Wage slavery • Evils of competition • Southern paternalism vs. Northern greed • Famine vs. hospitality • Doc. 67

  17. Slavery, Ideology, and Land Use • Southern acidic soils • Fertilizer scarce • Shifting cultivation regime • Fallow land • 67% idle • Land-hungry • Northern continuous cultivation • 35% unimproved

  18. White Non-Slaveholders of the South • 25% of South owned slaves • 3% owned 50+ (Great Planters) • $1800 prime hand (1860) • Dream of owning a slave • Not competing with free slaves on labor market • Privilege of skin color • Doc. 66

  19. Slavery’s Critics • Runaways • 1,000 per year • Underground Railroad • Northern states • Canada • Fugitive slaves • Rebellions • The Amistad (1839)

  20. Slave Rebellion • Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831) • Virginia • Divine providence • 80 slaves, 60 dead whites (women & children • Doc. 70, Confessions of Nat Turner (1831)

  21. Antislavery Movements • Colonization schemes • Africa, Caribbean, Central America • Monrovia, Liberia • White republic • William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator (1831) • Militant abolitionism • Wide publications, North & South • Doc. 73

  22. Abolitionist Movement • Slavery as sin • unrestrained power • 250K members • White urban women • Northern fringe • Attack on early feminism • Proslavery ideology • Racism • Whig factory owners (cotton) • Political divisive (slavery)

  23. Early Feminism in the United States • Domestic Ideology • Reform Impulse • Temperance • Anti-Prostitution • Urban vice • Prisons & asylums • Anti-slavery • Margaret Fuller, New York Tribune (1844)

  24. Feminism & Antislavery • Catharine Beecher vs. Angelina and Sarah Grimké • Domestic vs. public sphere • Slavery of sex • Doc. 75-76

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