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Come in Place HW in bin… Study and prepare for today’s quiz!

Come in Place HW in bin… Study and prepare for today’s quiz!. Bacteria. Structure and Function. Prokaryote & Eukaryote Evolution. Cellular Evolution. Current evidence indicates that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes between 1 and 1.5 billion years ago Two theories:

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Come in Place HW in bin… Study and prepare for today’s quiz!

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  1. Come in • Place HW in bin… • Study and prepare for today’s quiz!

  2. Bacteria Structure and Function

  3. Prokaryote & Eukaryote Evolution

  4. Cellular Evolution • Current evidence indicates that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes between 1 and 1.5 billion years ago • Two theories: 1. Infolding theory 2. Endosymbiotic theory

  5. Infolding Theory • The infolding of the prokaryotic plasma membrane gave rise to eukaryotic organelles. infolding organelle

  6. Endosymbiotic Theory • Endosymbiosis refers to one species living within another (the host) • Movement of smaller photosynthetic & heterotrophic prokaryotes into larger prokaryotic host cells • Formed cell organelles chloroplast mitochondria

  7. Earliest Prokaryotes • Most numerousorganisms on Earth • Include ALLbacteria • Earliest fossils date2.5 billion years old

  8. Classification of Life

  9. Three Domains of Life • Archaea – prokaryotes living in extreme habitats • Bacteria- Cyanobacteria and eubacteria • Eukarya – Protozoans, fungi, plants, & animals

  10. Kingdoms of Bacteria Archaebacteria: • Found in harsh environments • Undersea volcanic vents, acidic hot springs, salty water

  11. Archaebacteria

  12. Archaebacteria • Lack peptidoglycan in cell walls • Have different lipids in their cell membrane • Different types of ribosomes • Very different gene sequences

  13. Archaebacteria • Archaebacteria can live in extremely harsh environments • They do not require oxygen and can live in extremely salty environments as well as extremely hot environments • Called the Ancient bacteria

  14. Archaebacteria • Subdivided into 3 groups: • Methanogens • Thermoacidophiles • Extreme Halophiles

  15. Methanogens • Live in anaerobic environments (no oxygen) • Get energy by changing H2 & CO2 into methane gas • Found in swamps, sewage treatment plants, digestive tracts of animals

  16. Methanogens • Break down cellulose in a cow’s stomach • Produce marsh (methane) gas

  17. Extreme Halophiles • Live in very salty water • Use salt to generate ATP (energy) • Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake inhabitants

  18. Thermoacidophiles or Thermophiles • Live in extremely hot environments • Found in volcanic vents, hot springs, cracks on ocean floor that leak acid

  19. Kingdoms of Bacteria Eubacteria: • Called the true(Eu = true) bacteria • Most bacteria are in this group • Include photosynthetic Cyanobacteria

  20. Eubacteria

  21. Characteristics of Bacteria

  22. Bacterial Structure • Microscopic prokaryotes • No nucleus • Nomembrane-bound organelles • Contain ribosomes • Single, circularchromosome in nucleoidregion

  23. Protection • Cell Wall made of Peptidoglycan • May have a sticky coating called the Capsule for attachment to host or other bacteria

  24. Sticky Bacterial Capsule

  25. Bacterial Structure • Have small rings of DNA called Plasmids • Unicellular • Small in size (0.5μm-2μm) PLASMIDS

  26. Bacterial Structure • Infoldingsof cell membrane used for photosynthesis, cellular respiration, & possibly DNA replication • Infoldings called Mesosomes

  27. Mesosomes MESOSOME

  28. Bacterial Structure • Most grow best at pH of 6.5 - 7.0 • Many act as decomposersrecycling nutrients • Some causedisease (pathogenic)

  29. Staphylococcus

  30. Useful Bacteria • Some bacteria can degrade oil • Used to clean up oil spills

  31. Useful Bacteria • Other uses for bacteria include making yogurt, cheese, and buttermilk.

  32. Flagella • Bacteria that are motilehave appendages called flagella • Attached byBasal Body • A bacteria can have one or many flagella

  33. Flagella • Made of Flagellin • Used for Classification • Monotrichous: 1 flagellum • Lophotrichous: tuft at one end • Amphitrichous: tuft at both ends • Peritrichous: all around bacteria

  34. Question: What is this type of bacteria ?

  35. Pili • Short protein appendages • Smaller than flagella • Adhere bacteria to surfaces • Used in conjugation for xΔof genetic information • Aid Flotation by increasing buoyancy

  36. Pili in Conjugation

  37. Bacterial Shapes

  38. Shapes Are Used to Classify • Bacillus: Rod shaped • Coccus: Spherical (round) • Vibrio: Comma shaped with flagella • Spirillum: Spiral shape • Spirochete: wormlike spiral shape

  39. Grouping of Bacteria • Diplo- Groups of two • Strepto- chains • Staphylo- Grapelike clusters

  40. Diplococcus

  41. Streptococcus Causes Strep Throat

  42. Staphylococcus

  43. Bacillus - E. coli

  44. Streptobacillus

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