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SIDE EFFECTS AND TOXICITY

SIDE EFFECTS AND TOXICITY. GI EFFECTS. Almost all antibiotics are irritating to the GI tract. Diarrhea is very common. Nausea, vomiting. TETRACYCLINES-GI EFFECTS. Common upon oral administration. Epigastric burning and distress, abdominal discomfort, nausea and vomiting and diarrhea.

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SIDE EFFECTS AND TOXICITY

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  1. SIDE EFFECTS AND TOXICITY

  2. GI EFFECTS • Almost all antibiotics are irritating to the GI tract. • Diarrhea is very common. • Nausea, vomiting.

  3. TETRACYCLINES-GI EFFECTS • Common upon oral administration. • Epigastric burning and distress, abdominal discomfort, nausea and vomiting and diarrhea.

  4. ADVERSE EFFECTS • Nausea and vomiting usually subside as medication continues. • If troublesome GI irritation can be controlled with food. • Important to distinguish irritative diarrhea from superinfection.

  5. CLINDAMYCIN • Diarrhea fairly common

  6. HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS • Most antibiotics produce hypersensitivity reactions. • β-lactams. • Sulfonamides and its combinations.

  7. PENICILLINS • Cross allergenicity among all the penicillins (and other beta lactams). • Results from a previous treatment.

  8. HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS • Occurs with almost any dosage form of penicillin. Oral penicillins have a lower risk than parenterals. • Usually clear with elimination of the penicillin.

  9. HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS • Skin rashes. • Fever. • Bronchospasm. • Vasculitis, serum sickness, exfoliative dermatitis, contact sensitivity, local swelling and redness,oral lesions, eosinophilia. • ANGIOEDEMA AND ANAPHYLAXIS.

  10. ANAPHYLAXIS • Most important immediate danger. • Incidence is low (0.04 -0.2%). • Sudden, severe hypotension and rapid death.

  11. ANAPHYLAXIS • Careful observation of the patient is important.

  12. ANAPHYLAXIS-TREATMENT • Epinephrine (IV or IM) • IV steroids • Supportive measures

  13. MGMT. OF THE PATIENT POTENTIALLY ALLERGIC • Evaluation and history.

  14. www.bris.ac.uk/ Depts/ ENT

  15. DESENSITIZATION.

  16. CEPHALOSPORINS • Rashes occur frequently. • Cross-sensitivity to penicillins.

  17. HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS • Patients with a history of a mild or temporally distant reactionto penicillin appear to be at low risk.

  18. Sulfonamides • Skin rashes are common.

  19. STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME • Uncommon but most likely to occur following sulfonamide therapy

  20. PHOTOSENSITIVITY • Sulfonamides • Tetracyclines • Fluoroquinolones

  21. HEMATOLOGICAL TOXICITY • Sulfonamides (with trimethoprim) • Chloramphenicol • Ticarcillin and Piperacillin • Linezolid

  22. Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

  23. TRIMETHOPRIM DNA FOLINICACID DIHYDROPTEROIC ACID Dihydropteroate Synthetase DHF Dihydrofolate Reductase THF

  24. CHLORAMPHENICOL • HEMATOLOGICAL TOXICITY-2 TYPES

  25. IDIOSYNCRATIC APLASTIC ANEMIA • Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and aplasia of the marrow. • Not dose-related. • Can be fatal.

  26. DOSE-DEPENDENT ANEMIA • Reversible dose-related suppression of bone marrow. • Usually presents as anemia, reticulocytopenia and increased serum iron. • Associated with high doses and/or prolonged treatment. • Results from inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis.

  27. TICARCILLIN AND PIPERACILLIN • Prolong bleeding time (by altering platelet function).

  28. LINEZOLID` • Myelosuppression (anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia)

  29. HEPATOTOXICITY • Erythromycin estolate (cholestatic hepatitis) • Tetracyclines

  30. CHOLESTATIC HEPATITIS • It is caused primarily by the estolate. • Not dose-related. • It is probably a hypersensitivity reaction (to estolate ester).

  31. TETRACYCLINES • Dose-related hepatotoxicity (pregnancy).

  32. NEUROLOGICAL EFFECTS • Imipenem (seizures) • Aminoglycosides • Fluoroquinolones • Metronidazole

  33. AMINOGLYCOSIDES

  34. NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKADE • Rare but potentially serious. • Occurs at high concentrations of aminoglycosides or in patients with an underlying risk factor. • Acute neuromuscular blockade, respiratory paralysis and death can occur.

  35. Amino Glycosides

  36. FLUOROQUINOLONES • CNS effects such as headache, restlessness, and dizziness. High doses may produce convulsions.

  37. METRONIDAZOLE • Headache, dizziness, peripheral neuropathy.

  38. CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS • Fluoroquinolones • Erythromycin • Chloramphenicol

  39. FLUOROQUINOLONES • Some 3rd and 4th generation FQ’s can prolong the QT interval.

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