Language

1. Language

2. SOUNDS: ALLITERATION:  Repeated consonant sounds  "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers" ASSONANCE:  Repeated Vowel sounds  "The June moon loomed over the horizon" ONOMATOPOEIA:  Words sound like what they are  "The fire crackled and the popcorn popped."

3. IMAGERY: (Creating pictures for the senses) METAPHOR:  A direct comparison  "The Springbox were ripped to shreds on the field." SIMILE:  A comparison using "Like" or "as"  “He is as fierce as a volcano." HYPERBOLE:  An exaggeration  “The queues went on forever!"

4. PERSONIFICATION:  Making an inanimate object act like a person or animal  "The fog crept in on little cat feet.“ ALLUSION:  A cross reference to another work of art  "My boyfriend dances like King Kong." SYNECDOCHE:  Using part of an object to stand for the whole thing  "Have you got your wheels, man?"

5. SYMBOLISM:  Something represents a completely different thing or idea. A black glove may represent death. ANTITHESIS:  Saying the opposite of what you really mean, for effect  "That was a cool move, man.“ PUN: Ambiguities of meaning. "Whenever you shop at Four Square you'll like the Change."

6. SENTENCES SIMPLE SENTENCE has one clause. We drove from Connecticut to Tennessee. INCOMPLETE SENTENCE has no noun Stop! Where? MINOR SENTENCE has no verb A cool mint gel. A fantastic party!

7. COMPOUND SENTENCE (more than one independent clause): We were exhausted, but we arrived in time for my father's party. COMPLEX SENTENCE (one independent clause and at least one dependent clause): Although he is now 79 years old, he still claims to be 65.

8. DECLARATIVE SENTENCE makes a statement and ends with a full stop. The children were happy to see you. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE asks a question. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation mark. How outrageous! IMPERATIVE SENTENCE gives a command. Sit there and listen. (You, sit there and listen.)

9. RHETORIC QUESTION Asks a question for the reader to consider Do you want great looking shiny hair? BALANCED SENTENCE A balance in the structure of the sentence. Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (John F. Kennedy) ONE WORD = ONE SENTENCE A sentence is left by itself to emphasis a key idea. She stood there. Alone. • PARALLEL CONSTRUCTIONS: The sentence is constructed using similar building blocks. “He walked through the door, through the back yard, through her life.”

10. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH In direct speech, the original speaker's exact words are given and are indicated by quotation marks. "I don't know what to do," said Dean. In indirect speech, the exact meaning of the speaker's words is given, but the exact words are not directly quoted. Dean said that he didn't know what to do.

11. VOCABULARY ADJECTIVES sight: including colors, shapes, sizes sound: including types and volume smell: including scents and strengths taste: including flavors and strengths touch: including textures and temperatures emotions and subjective reactions: (happy, excited, ecstatic, sad, lonely, beautiful, ugly states: tired, angered, smart, rich, hungry, lonely EMOTIVE LANGUAGE Persuasive language is important to recognise and understand. A common way writers persuade a reader is by appealing to the emotions by using language that generates sympathy in some way. The knife ripped through his battered body.

12. COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE an expression not used in formal language (such as "gonna" or "grouty" or "uffda"), phrases (such as "ain't nothin'" and "dead as a doornail"), or sometimes even an entire aphorism ("There's more than one way to skin a cat") used primarily within a limited geographical area. JARGON Words which relate to a specific activity, profession, or group. It is generally formal terminology and commonly referred to as the language of a particular field. SLANG the use of highly informal words and expressions. Slang is very often specific to a particular context or group. She’s a mullet.

13. CONNOTATIONS The connotation essentially relates to how anything may be associated with a word or phrase, for example, an implied value judgement or feelings. A stubborn person may be described as being either strong-willed or pig-headed. Although these have the same literal meaning (i.e. stubborn), strong-willedconnotes admiration for someone's convictions, while pig-headedconnotes frustration in dealing with someone. ABSTRACT NOUNS Abstract nouns are ideas, feelings or qualities such as love, hate, kindness, fear, anger, imagination, courage, intelligence, loneliness, happiness, sadness, bravery, cowardice, embarrassment, joy, beauty, ugliness, confidence, luck, misfortune, mischief, bitterness, justice, injustice, grief, boredom, cheerfulness. They cannot be seen or touched in the same way as concrete nouns such as chair, table, dog, Lancaster, or Thomas.