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springer/978-1-4020-9957-1

Armchair Discussion Canada School of Public Service Metropolis Project. Jeffrey G. Reitz University of Toronto Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Munk Centre for International Studies www.utoronto.ca/ethnicstudies June 11, 2009 1:00 p.m. to 2:15 p.m. (ET).

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springer/978-1-4020-9957-1

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  1. Armchair Discussion Canada School of Public Service Metropolis Project Jeffrey G. Reitz University of Toronto Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Munk Centre for International Studies www.utoronto.ca/ethnicstudies June 11, 2009 1:00 p.m. to 2:15 p.m. (ET) http://www.springer.com/978-1-4020-9957-1

  2. Table of Contents Assessing Multiculturalism as a Behavioral Theory J.G. Reitz Ethnic Group Ties, Inter-Group Threat, and Ethnic Self-Identity K.K. Dion and M.B. Phan Discrimination, Ethnic Group Belonging, and Well-Being K.L. Dion, K.K. Dion, and R. Banerjee Inequalities and Patterns of Social Attachments in Quebec and the Rest of Canada M.B. Phan and R. Breton Racial Inequality and Social Integration J.G. Reitz and R. Banerjee Behavioural Precepts of Multiculturalism: Empirical Validity and Policy Implications J.G. Reitz

  3. Selected Findings for Discussion Today • Ethnic Attachments and Social Integration of Minorities • Inequality, Discrimination, and the Social Integration of Visible Minorities • Social Integration of New Religious Groups: Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus, Buddhists • Variations across Quebec and the Rest of Canada

  4. Jeffrey G. Reitz and Rupa Banerjee, "Racial Inequality, Social Cohesion, and Policy Issues in Canada." In Belonging? Diversity, Recognition and Shared Citizenship in Canada, edited by Keith Banting, Thomas J. Courchene, and F. Leslie Seidle. Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 2007. Pp. 489-545.

  5. RACISM IN CANADA Darker the skin, less you fit in (217) LESLEY CIARULA TAYLORIMMIGRATION REPORTER Vanessa Kirunda is the last person you'd expect to be looked down on. Poised, articulate, educated and confident, Kirunda, a black woman, can dissect and analyze why Canadians treat her differently. But all bets were off when schoolmates called her 10-year-old son Sean a n-----. Three times. Three different children. "I anticipated this would happen, but it breaks my heart. Something is wrong when children say these things. On top of everything, I'm not going to have my child degraded," said the Mississauga resident. The "everything" she refers to includes being sent to an Adult Learning Centre when she arrived, even though English is her first language, and getting passed over for a college spot in favour of a white friend. "I've never understood people who believe they are superior. It's based on idiotic ideologies. And it's not just white European people." Kirunda and her son, Canadian citizens who emigrated from Kenya COLIN MCCONNELL/TORONTO STAR Vanessa Kirunda and her son Sean, who live in Mississauga, have been stung by racism. "And it's not just white European people," she says. (May 10, 2009)

  6. Selected Findings for Discussion Today • Ethnic Attachments and Social Integration of Minorities • Inequality, Discrimination, and the Social Integration of Visible Minorities • Social Integration of New Religious Groups: Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus, Buddhists • Variations across Quebec and the Rest of Canada

  7. Immigration nations:percent foreign-born, 2005 Source: United Nations, International Migration 2006

  8. Indicators of Social Integration Life satisfaction Ties to Canadian society ‘Canadian’ identity Citizenship Sense of belonging in Canada Trust in people Civic participation Volunteer activities Voting Ethno-cultural Groups Ethnic Ancestry Visible Minority Status Ethnic Diversity Survey, 2002N = 41,666 • Aspects of Diversity • Ethnic attachments (importance of ancestry, customs, belonging) • Religion, religious commitment • Inequality • Household Income • Experience of discrimination (self-reported) • Feelings of discomfort • Fear of attack • Generation/Time • Period of Immigration • Generation, Age

  9. Ethno-racial Diversity in the EDS • Visible minorities • Chinese • South Asian • Black • Filipino • Latin American • Southeast Asian • Arab and West Asian • Korean • Japanese • Visible minorities, other • Multiple visible minorities Ancestry (not visible minorities) • Anglo • French • North and Western European • Russian and East European • Jewish • Arab and West Asian • Latin American • Greek • Italian • Portuguese • Other European • Canadian

  10. Indicators of Social Integration Life satisfaction Ties to Canadian society ‘Canadian’ identity Citizenship Sense of belonging in Canada Trust in people Civic participation Volunteer activities Voting Ethno-cultural Groups Ethnic Ancestry Visible Minority Status Ethnic Diversity Survey, 2002N = 41,666 • Aspects of Diversity • Ethnic group (attachments, importance, belonging) • Religion, religious commitment • Inequality • Household Income • Experience of discrimination (self-reported ) • Feelings of discomfort • Fear of attack • Generation/Time • Period of Immigration • Generation, Age

  11. What is the effect of ethnic attachments on social integration? Regression coefficients for effect of ethnic attachments on social integration, by immigrant cohort and generation, and controlling for age and (for immigrants) length of time in Canada

  12. Inequality trends across time and generations • Income Inequality  Less • Perceptions of discrimination and vulnerability  More

  13. Reports of discrimination:visible minority status more than religion

  14. Reports of vulnerability:visible minority status more than religion

  15. Canadian Identity

  16. Canadian citizenship

  17. Religiosity

  18. Reports of Discrimination:Quebec v. Rest of Canada

  19. Reports of Vulnerability:Quebec v. Rest of Canada

  20. Conclusions • Maintaining ethnic attachments over time is associated with • enhanced qualify of life • but greater isolation from the mainstream • Racial minorities experience inequality and discrimination, which reinforces their ethnic attachment and slows integration • Race is more important than religious affiliation as a factor in the social integration of visible minorities

  21. Policy Considerations • Equality is a key to integration; need to address racial inequality • Ethnic community development to support integration • Integration requires efforts beyond support for diversity • Evaluation of impact of multiculturalism policy

  22. Armchair Discussion Canada School of Public Service Metropolis Project Jeffrey G. Reitz University of Toronto Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Munk Centre for International Studies www.utoronto.ca/ethnicstudies June 11, 2009 1:00 p.m. to 2:15 p.m. (ET) http://www.springer.com/978-1-4020-9957-1

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