The Settlement of New England

1. The Settlement of New England

2. Separatists vs. Puritans

3. Puritanism • Calvinism Institutes of the Christian Religion • Predestination. • Good works could not save those predestined for hell. • No one could be certain of their spiritual status. • Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of “conversion.” • Puritans: • Want to totally reform [purify] the Church of England. • Grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation back in England.

4. Separatists • Separatist Beliefs: • Puritans who believed only “visible saints” [those who could demonstrate in front of their fellow Puritans their elect status] should be admitted to church membership. • Because the Church of England enrolled all the king’s subjects, Separatists felt they had to share churches with the “damned.” • Therefore, they believed in a total break from the Church of England. • Later called Pilgrims

5. The Mayflower • 1620  a group of 102 people [half Separatists] • Negotiated with theVirginia Company to settle in its jurisdiction. • Non-Separatists included Captain Myles Standish. • Plymouth Bay way outside the domain of the Virginia Company. • Became squatters without legal right to land & specific authority to establish a govt.

6. The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620 • Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship. • Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule. • Signed by 41 adult males. • Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.

7. The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620

8. That First Year…. • Winter of 1620-1621 • Only 44 out of the original 102 survived. • None chose to leave in 1621 when the Mayflower sailed back. • Fall of 1621  First “Thanksgiving.” • Colony survived with fur [especially beaver], fish, and lumber. • Plymouth stayed small and economically unimportant. • 1691  only 7,000 people • Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony.

9. Puritans vs. Native Americans • Indians especially weak in New England  epidemics wiped out ¾ of the native popul. • Wampanoags [near Plymouth] befriended the settlers. • Cooperation between the two helped by Squanto. • 1621  Chief Massasoit signedtreaty with the settlers. • Autumn, 1621  both groups celebrated the First Thanksgiving.

10. The First Thanksgiving? In 1863, President Lincoln proclaimed Thanksgiving an official US holiday.

11. William Bradford Self-taught scholar. 1st real leader of colony Chosen governor of Plymouth 30 times in yearly elections. Worried about settlements of non-Puritans springing up nearby and corrupting Puritan society.

12. The MA Bay Colony • 1629  non-Separatists got a royal charter to form the MA Bay Co. • Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England. • They didn’t want to leave the Church, just its “impurities.” • 1630  1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships • Established a colony with Boston as its hub. • “Great Migration” of the 1630s • Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil War] sent about 70,000 Puritans to America. • Not all Puritans  20,000 came to MA.

13. First Seal of MA Bay

14. Colonizing New England

15. John Winthrop • Well-off attorney and manor lord in England. • Became 1st governor of Massachusetts. • Believed that he had a “calling” from God to lead there. • Served as governor or deputy-governor for 19 years.

16. Covenant Theology • Puritan belief that they had a covenant with God to lead a new religion in a new world • “We shall be as a city on the hill”- Winthrop • “Social Covenant”: • Between members of Puritan communities with each other. • Required mutual watchfulness. • No toleration of deviance or disorder. • No privacy.

17. Characteristics of New England Settlements • Low mortality  average life expectancy was 70 years of age. • Cooler weather and clean water • Many extended families. • Average 6 children per family. • Average age at marriage: • Women – 22 years old • Men – 27 years old.

18. Characteristics of New England Settlements • 1636- Harvard is founded to train clergy- 1st American college • Towns with more than 50 people were required to have elementary schools • Teach children to read the bible • Thus New England became most literate section of colonies • Most adults could read

19. Patriarchy Authoritarian male father figures controlled each household. Patriarchal ministers and magistrates controlled church congregations and household patriarchs.

20. Puritan Government Governing open to all free men who were puritans (40% of the population) Whole purpose of Government was to enforce God’s law Town hall meetings emerge as a staple of government Clergy not allowed to hold office (separation of church and state?)

21. Puritan “Rebels” • Young, popular minister in Salem. • Argued for a full break with the Anglican Church. • Condemned MA Bay Charter. • Did not give fair compensation to Indians. • Denied authority of civil govt. to regulate religious behavior. • 1635  found guilty of preaching “newe& dangerous opinions”and was exiled. Roger Williams

22. Rhode Island- The Las Vegas of the New World • 1636  Roger Williams fled there. • MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him to England to prevent him from founding a competing colony. • Remarkable political freedom in Providence, RI • Universal manhood suffrage  later restricted by a property qualification. • Opposed to special privilege of any kind  freedom of opportunity for all. • RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters  More liberal than any other colony!

23. Puritan “Rebels” • Intelligent, strong-willed,well-spoken woman. • Threatened patriarchal control. • Antinomialism [direct revelation] • Means “against the law.” • Carried to logical extremes Puritan doctrine of predestination. • Holy life was no sure sign of salvation. • Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of either God or man. AnneHutchinson

24. Anne Hutchinson’s Trial • 1638  she confounded the Puritan leaders for days. • Eventually bragged that she had received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God. • Puritan leaders banished her  she & her family traveled to RI and later to NY. • She and all but one member of her family were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester County. • John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!

25. New England Colonies, 1650

26. Population of the New England Colonies

27. Population Comparisons:New England v. the Chesapeake

28. The Middle Colonies • New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania • Most diverse region in colonies- ethnically mixed so generally tolerant of religions • Known as breadbasket of colonies for all the grain that was grown • Geographically and culturally the middle of the colonies

29. The Middle Colonies • Patroonship- similar to plantations in the south. Dutch estates granted to promoters who would get 50 people to live on them • One in Albany that was larger than Rhode Island! • 1664- English drive Dutch out of New World

30. Pennsylvania • 1681- William Penn secured an immense land grant from king in exchange for money owed to his father • Primary motive- haven for Quakers • Secondary motive- experiment with liberal ideas in Govt. while making a profit • “holy experiment”- religious toleration

31. Pennsylvania • Pennsylvania became best advertised colony and population grew fast • Promised people land, religious freedom, and representative Govt. • Attracted many skilled workers- carpenters, masons, shoemakers, blacksmiths, etc • Penn also incorporated all squatters living within his land grant and gave them citizenship (4,000 people) • Philadelphia carefully planned by Penn • Penn had good relations with Indians and bought land from them to increase his holdings • Representative Govt. with landowners having voting rights- no church requirements • No militia- Quakers were pacifists

32. The Big Picture • Similarities between 3 regions: • Mostly English • Some self government in all regions • Religious toleration to at least some degree • Opportunities for economic and social advancement • Increasingly unique from British population

33. The Big Picture • New England- • What were the colonies? • MA, CT, RI, NH • Puritan dominated • Less religious toleration than other colonies • More restrictions on civic participation • More industry • Less agriculture

34. The Big Picture • Middle Colonies- what were they? • NY, NJ, PA, DE • Ethnically diverse • Religious toleration • Democratic • Agriculture • Quaker influenced

35. The Big Picture • Southern Colonies- what were they? • MD, VA, NC, SC, GA • Plantation economy (aristocratic) • Slavery • Cash crops • Scattered population • Expansionary • Little religion (church of England) • Population slow to develop (few women)

36. The Big Picture • General info about the colonies as a whole • 80% rural • Women wove, cooked, cleaned, cared for kids • Men cleared, fenced, and planted land, cut firewood, butchered livestock • Children helped with adult tasks • Americans had a higher standard of living than Europe- wages were 3 times higher • Longer life expectancy as well