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Chapter 24 THE NATION AT WAR

Chapter 24 THE NATION AT WAR. A New World Power. American foreign policy pursued by Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, & Wilson (1901-1920) was aggressive & nationalistic US left the Span-Am War peace table (1898) possessing the Philippines, Puerto Rico, & Guam

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Chapter 24 THE NATION AT WAR

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  1. Chapter 24THE NATION AT WAR

  2. A New World Power • American foreign policy pursued by Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, & Wilson (1901-1920) was aggressive & nationalistic • US left the Span-Am War peace table (1898) possessing the Philippines, Puerto Rico, & Guam • Built a large navy to protect the colonial empire, estab’d US Army War College • More & more involved in economic ventures abroad p.691

  3. "I Took the Canal Zone" • TR wanted a canal to link the Atlantic & Pacific oceans across the isthmus connecting N Am & S Am • It would be open to ships of all nations • Desired route was in Panama, a Columbian possession ~ Columbia said “no deal” • TR considered seizing the area, but settled for encouraging a revolution & then sent US forces to prevent Colombia from putting down the revolt • The new, independent Panama permitted construction to begin in 1904 • 1914 ~ Panama Canal opened p.691-692

  4. The Panama Canal Zone p.691

  5. The Roosevelt Corollary • US treated Latin America as a protectorate • “Roosevelt Corollary” ~ Warned Latin Am countries to keep their affairs in order or face US intervention • Intervention occurred in… • Dominican Republic • Panama • Cuba p.692

  6. Ventures in the Far East • 1905 ~ Roosevelt mediated the Russo-Japanese War (Russia losing/Japan bankrupt) • Taft-Katsura Agreement (Taft Sec of War) • Korea under Japanese influence • Japan to respect US control of Philippines • 1907 ~ ”Gentleman’s Agreement” Japan promises to stop immigration • 1908 ~ (Sec State) Root-Takahira Agreement • Maintain status quo in Far East • Accept Open Door & Chinese independence • 1915 ~ Japan seized German colonies in China and claimed authority over China p.692-693

  7. Taft & Dollar Diplomacy • Taft substituted economic force for military • American bankers assumed Honduran debt to English bondholders, took over assets of the Natl Bank of Haiti & Nicaragua’s Natl Bank • Taft's support for US economic influence in Manchuria alienated China, Japan, Russia • Generally speaking, Dollar Diplomacy promoted US financial & business interests abroad p.693-694

  8. Foreign Policy Under Wilson • Wilson inexperienced in diplomacy, yet he faced crisis after crisis foreign affairs, including the outbreak of WWI • Conducted his own diplomacy, composing diplomatic notes on his own typewriter • “The force of America is the force of moral principle.” • Militarism, colonialism & war must be brought under control • “Extend the blessings of democracy” p.694

  9. Conducting Moral Diplomacy • Wilson negotiated “cooling-off” treaties to try & settle disputes without war • Resorted to military force in Latin America • Intervened there more than Roosevelt or Taft

  10. Troubles Across the Border • 1913 ~ Gen Victoriano Huerta led coup in Mexico (Francisco Madero) • Wilson denied Huerta recognition • Revolutionary regimes must reflect “a just govt based upon law” • Wilson blocked arms shipments to Mexico • 1914 ~ US seized Vera Cruz • 1916 ~ US Army pursued “Pancho” Villa p.695-696

  11. Activities of the United States in the Caribbean, 1898–1930 Several Americans killed p.695

  12. Toward War • War in Europe • Large armies dominated Europe & a web of alliances entangled nations, maximizing risks • June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to throne in Austria-Hungary assassinated by Bosnian linked to Serbia • Central Powers ~ Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Turkey • Allied Powers ~ Eng, France, Italy, & Russia • Wilson sympathized with Allies, but sought US neutrality p.696

  13. The Neutrality Policy • Progressives saw war as wasteful, irrational • Suspicion that business sought war for profit • Immigrants preferred US neutrality • A long tradition of US neutrality • Americans saw little national stake in war p.696-697

  14. Freedom of the Seas • England blockade of Germany • US ships to Germany seized by English • Wilson accepted English promise of reimbursement at war’s end • Germans used U-boats to interrupt trade with Allies • US trade with Allies boomed, but was increasingly financed by loans from American banks • Allies owed US banks $2B by 1917 p.697-698

  15. The U-Boat Threat • German submarines violated international law by shooting without warning • Wilson was urged to ban travel, but he refused • 1915 ~ Lusitania sunk by U-Boat • Wilson demanded Germans protect passenger ships & pay for losses • April, 1916 ~ Wilson issued ultimatum: Call off attacks on cargo & passenger ships or US-German relations would be severed • May, 1916 ~ SussexPledge—Germany pledges to honor US neutrality p.698-699

  16. "He Kept Us Out of War" • 1915-16 ~ Wilson campaigned for peace & “preparedness” ~ Growing U-Boat threat • Republican Charles Evans Hughes campaigned on tougher line against Germany • Wilson won close election • Won large labor, progressive vote • Won majority of women’s vote p.699-700

  17. p.700

  18. The Final Months of Peace • Feb 1917 ~ Germany renewed U-Boat attacks • The British govt provided a copy of an intercepted telegram from the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico ~ The (Arthur) Zimmerman Telegram • Wanted Mexico to enter the war against the US • Wilson’s response • Ordered US merchant vessels armed • Ordered US Navy to fire on German U-Boats • April 6, 1917 ~ War declared on Germany p.700-701

  19. US Losses to the German Submarine Campaign, 1916–1918 p.701

  20. Over There • Allies were in danger of losing the war • Germans sunk 881,000 T of Allied shipping during April, 1917 • Mutinies in French army • British drive in Flanders stalled • Bolsheviks signed separate peace with Germany; German troops to West • Italian army routed on southern flank • Allies braced for spring, 1918 offensive p.701

  21. MobilizationUS Not Prepared • Wilson placed John J. “Black Jack” Pershing in command of the Am Expeditionary Force • No US contingency plans for war • 300k old rifles, 1.5k machine guns, 155 out of date airplanes, 2 field radio sets • 200k troops at war’s beginning • Congress ~ Selective Service Act • Conscripted 2.8M by war’s end • African Americans drafted as well p.701-702

  22. European Alliances & Battlefronts, 1914–1917 p.702

  23. War in the Trenches • Teaming of US, English navies reduced Allied losses to submarines by half • June, 1917 ~ US troops arrived in France • Spring, 1918 ~ US forces helped halt final German offensive • Battle of Chateau Thierry • Battle of Belleau Wood • September ~ Germans out of St. Mihiel • First use of poison gas & tanks p.702-703

  24. The Western Front: U.S. Participation, 1918 p.703

  25. The Western Front: U.S. Participation, 1918 Armistice (Peace) Treaty signed on November 11, 1918 Note: 11th Hour, 11th Day, 11th Month Veterans’ Day p.703

  26. The Western Front: U.S. Participation, 1918 Armistice (Peace) Treaty signed on November 11, 1918 Note: 11th Hour, 11th Day, 11th Month Veterans’ Day 112k Americans Died p.703

  27. Over Here • Victory on front depends on mobilization at home • War financed primarily by the sale of “Liberty Bonds” • Wilson consolidates federal authority to organize war production & distribution • Wilson campaigned for American mind’s, the “conquest of of their convictions,” was as vital as events on the battlefield p.706

  28. The Conquest of Convictions • Wartime laws to repress dissent • Espionage Act ~ Outlawed acts to aid the enemy, even encouraging disloyalty • Trading with the Enemy Act ~ Govt can censor foreign language press • Sedition Act ~ Criticism of the war made a crime • 1.5k dissenters imprisoned, including Eugene Debs • Numerous atrocities (lynching, etc.) • Summer, 1918 ~ Anticommunism prompts deployment of US troops to Russia to “protect US supplies from the Germans” • 1917 Bolshevik Revolution ~ Vladimir Lenin • Wilson feared the communist idea would spread p.706-709

  29. A Bureaucratic War • War Industries Board & other agencies supervised production, distribution to maximize war effort • Govt seized some businesses to keep them running • Cooperation between govt & business the norm • Business profits from wartime industry 709-710

  30. Labor in the War • Union membership swells • Labor shortage prompts • Wage increase • Entry of Mexican Americans, women, African Americans to war-related industrial work force • Labor saw a chance to “trade labor peace for labor advances” p.710-712

  31. African American Migration Northward, 1910–1920 p.711

  32. Labor in the War • 200k blacks served in France • 42k combat troops • Expected to find better conditions when they returned • Great Migration to northern factories • Blacks must adjust industrial work pace • Encounter Northern racism • 1917–1919 ~ Race riots in urban North • Wartime experience prompted new surge of black resistance to discrimination p.711-712

  33. The Treaty of VersaillesOfficial end to WWI • Common concern about Bolshevik revolution • Wilson’s Fourteen Points call for non-punitive settlement • England & France balk at Fourteen Points • Want Germany disarmed & crippled • Want Germany’s colonies • Skeptical of principle of self-determination p.712-713

  34. The Treaty of Versailles Near Paris, France

  35. A Peace at Paris • Wilson failed to deflect Allied punishment of Germany in treaty • Treaty created Wilson’s League of Nations • Article X of League charter required members to protect each others’ territorial integrity • League's jurisdiction excluded member nations’ domestic affairs p.713-715

  36. p.713

  37. Europe after The Treaty Versailles, 1919 p.715

  38. Rejection in the Senate • William Borah (R-ID) led “irreconcibles” who opposed treaty on any grounds • 14 Republican senators against every aspect of the League of Nations • October, 1919: Stroke disables Wilson • November: Treaty fails in Senate • January, 1920: Final defeat of Treaty • July, 1921: US peace declared by joint Congressional resolution p.715-716

  39. Rejection in the Senate • Wilson hopes democratic victory in 1920 election would provide mandate for League of Nations • Landslide for Republican Warren Harding • Defeat of League of Nations brought defeat of Progressive spirit p.715-716

  40. The Election of 1920 James M. Cox See picture p.708 p.716

  41. Postwar Disillusionment • To the next generation the war seemed futile, wasteful • The progressive spirit survived but without enthusiasm or broad based support • Americans welcomed Harding’s return to “normalcy” p.717

  42. Chapter 24THE NATION AT WAR End

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