In-text Citations

1. In-text Citations Also called Parenthetical Documentation

2. Basic Directions • You must not only list your sources on the Works Cited page, but you must indicate what information was derived from each source. • The most practical way is to give the author and page number or whatever information is at the bottom of each notecard.

3. Place a citation as close to the quoted or paraphrased material as possible without disrupting the sentence. • When material from one source and the same page numbers is used throughout a paragraph, use one citation at the end of the paragraph rather than a citation at the end of each sentence. • Parenthetical citations usually appear after the final quotation mark and before the period. An exception occurs, however, in quotes of four or more lines since these quotes are presented as block quotes: that is, they are indented and use no quotation marks. In such cases, the parenthetical citation goes after the period, as the following example shows:

4. Ways to cite text • You may put the author’s name in the body of your text and just put page number in parentheses at the end of the sentence. Ex: Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263). • You may put the author and page in parentheses at the end of the sentence. Ex: Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).

5. You may paraphrase what the author said, citing his name in your text. Ex: Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

6. Book with One Author • You must use what is listed first on source card • Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3). • Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as "symbol-using animals" (3). • Source card information: • Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of California P, 1966. Print.

7. Book with Two Authors • Certain literacy theorists have gone so far as to declare that "the most significant elements of human culture are undoubtedly channeled through words, and reside in the particular range of meanings and attitudes which members of any society attach to their verbal symbols" (Goody and Watt 323). • Goody and Watt claim that Certain literacy theorists have gone so far as to declare that "the most significant elements of human culture are undoubtedly channeled through words, and reside in the particular range of meanings and attitudes which members of any society attach to their verbal symbols" (323).

8. Book with Three Authors • Medieval Europe was a place both of “raids, pillages, slavery, and extortion” and of “traveling merchants, monetary exchange, towns if not cities, and active markets in grain” (Rabkin, Greenberg, and Olander 10).

9. Book with more than three authors • Cogdill et al. argue that "making backchannel overtly available for study would require making its presence and content visible and its content persist, affecting the nature of the backchannel and raising social and ethical issues" (109). • They claim that "making backchannel overtly available for study would require making its presence and content visible and its content persist, affecting the nature of the backchannel and raising social and ethical issues" ( Cogdill et al.109).

10. Citation for Quote over 4 Lines • Bolles argues that the most effective job hunting method is what he calls the creative job hunting approach: • figuring out your best skills, and favorite knowledge, and then researching any employer that interests you before approaching that organization and arranging, to see the person there who has the power to hire you for the position you are interested in. This method, faithfully followed, leads to a job for 86 out of every 100 job-hunters who try it. (57)

11. Source with No Known Author • Several critics of the concept of the transparent society ask if a large society would be able to handle the complete loss of privacy ("Surveillance Society" 115).

12. Website with No Page Numbers • Abraham Lincoln's birthplace was designated as a National Historical Site in 1959 (National Park Service). 

13. Someone Else Quoted in your Source • As Erickson reminds us, the early psychoanalysts focused on a single objective: "introspective honesty in the service of self enlightenment" (qtd. in Weiland 42).

14. Two Sources by Same Author • Hypertextuality makes text borderless as it "redefines not only beginning and endings of the text but also its borders—its sides, as it were" (Landow, “Hypertext” 79).

15. Corporate Author • If the corporate author's name is long, it should be included in the text rather than the parentheses: • According to the Centre for Development and Population Activities, interest in gender roles and responsibilities over the past decade has been "driven by the realization that women often do not benefit from development activities and in some cases become even poorer and more marginalized" (3).

16. Citing Volume and Page Number of Multivolume Work • The anthology by Lautner and his coeditors contains both Stowe’s “Sojouner Truth, and the Libyan Sibyl” (1: 2424-33) and Gilman’s “the yellow Wall-Paper” (2: 800-12). • Between the years 1945 and 1972, the political-party system in the United States underwent profound changes (Schlesinger 4:629).

17. When material from one source and the same page numbers is used throughout a paragraph, use one citation at the end of the paragraph rather than a citation at the end of each sentence.

18. Two Sources Cited • (Burns 23; Sandford 56).

19. Works Cited • Duke Universisty library at http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/within/mla.html Dec. 7 2009 • LEO: Literacy Education Online MLA Parenthetical Documentation http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/research/mlaparen.html 2004 • Stolley, Karl. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The OWL at Purdue. 10 May 2006. Purdue University Writing Lab. Web. 9 February 2010. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/02/. • Duke Universisty library at http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/within/mla.html Dec. 7 2009 • LEO: Literacy Education Online MLA Parenthetical Documentation http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/research/mlaparen.html 2004 • Stolley, Karl. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The OWL at Purdue. 10 May 2006. Purdue University Writing Lab. Web. 9 February 2010. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/02/. • MLA In-Text Parenthetical Citations. Duke University Library. 7 Dec. 2009. Web. 5 Feb. 2010.<http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/within/mla.html>. • LEO: Literacy Education Online. MLA Parenthetical Documentation. LEO. 2004. Web. 5 February 2010. http://leo.stcloudstate • .edu/research/mlaparen.html • Stolley, Karl. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The OWL at Purdue. 10 May 2006. Purdue University Writing Lab. Web. 9 February 2010. <http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/02/>.

20. Works Cited • MLA In-Text Parenthetical Citations. Duke University Library. 7 Dec. 2009. Web. 5 Feb. 2010.<http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/within/mla.html>. • LEO: Literacy Education Online. MLA Parenthetical Documentation. LEO. 2004. Web. 5 February 2010. http://leo.stcloudstate • .edu/research/mlaparen.html • Stolley, Karl. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The OWL at Purdue. 10 May 2006. Purdue University Writing Lab. Web. 9 February 2010. <http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/02/>.