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Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology. Maintaining Life – Necessary Life Functions. Maintaining Life. Necessary Life Functions Maintain boundaries Move Respond to Environmental Changes Take in and Digest Nutrients Carry out Metabolism Dispose of Wastes Reproduce Grow. Maintaining Boundaries.

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Anatomy and Physiology

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  1. Anatomy and Physiology Maintaining Life – Necessary Life Functions

  2. Maintaining Life • Necessary Life Functions • Maintain boundaries • Move • Respond to Environmental Changes • Take in and Digest Nutrients • Carry out Metabolism • Dispose of Wastes • Reproduce • Grow

  3. Maintaining Boundaries • Keeping the “inside” distinct from the “outside” • All cells have an external membrane • The body as a whole has the skin as a covering • Protects from drying out, bacteria, heat damage, sunlight, and external chemicals

  4. Movement • Includes all the activities of the muscular system (aided by the skeletal system) • Movement also occurs internally with substances such as blood, foodstuffs, and urine being propelled through the internal organs of the cardiovascular, digestive, and urinary systems

  5. Responsiveness (irritability) • The ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them • Ex. if your hand is on a hot plate you involuntary pull your hand off of the plate • Nerve system bears the major responsibility for responsiveness but all cells react

  6. Digestion • The process of breaking down ingested food into simpler molecules for metabolic use • The cardiovascular system transports these simpler digested molecules via blood and the cardiovascular system

  7. Metabolism • Breaking down complex substances into simpler building blocks • Making larger structures from these building blocks • Using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP molecules • ATP drives cellular activities • Metabolism depends on the digestive and respiratory system for nutrients and oxygen • Metabolism is regulated by the glands of the endocrine system

  8. Excretion • The process of removing wastes from the body • The body must get rid of non useful substances produced during digestion and metabolism • The digestion system rids the body of indigestible food residues in feces • The urinary system disposes of nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes in urine

  9. Reproduction • The production of offspring on the cellular and organism level • Mitosis • Asexual reproduction of cells • Cloned cells • Ex. Skin cell, white blood cells, muscles cells • Meiosis • The union of sperm and egg cells forms a zygote and then an embryo • Reproduction of a whole new organism takes place

  10. Growth • An increase in size usually accompanied by an increase in the number of cells • For growth to occur cell constructing activities must occur at a faster rate than cell-destroying ones

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