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The Earth’s Structure

The Earth’s Structure. The Earth’s Structure.

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The Earth’s Structure

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  1. The Earth’s Structure

  2. The Earth’s Structure In the early part of the 20th century, geologists studied the vibrations (seismic waves) generated by earthquakes to learn more about the structure of the earth's interior. They discovered that it is made up of these distinct layers: the crust, the mantle, and the core.  http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth/structure.html The lithosphere is actually the thin, solid layer of the Earth, which comprises the crust and upper mantle. In other words, the lithosphere is made up of solid rock, which is the Earth’s outer surface, and magma, the hot liquid center of the Earth.

  3. Structure of the Earth Crust

  4. Plate Tectonics • https://www.khanacademy.org/science/cosmology-and-astronomy/earth-history-topic/plate-techtonics/v/plate-tectonics---difference-between-crust-and-lithosphere

  5. Lithosphere (Earth’s Crust) Consists of the earth crust and the upper mantle up to the Moho discontinuity (1909) is the boundary between the Earth’s crust and the mantle where abrupt increase of seismic waves velocity is observed. The Moho discontinuity is from 5 to 10 (15) km below the ocean floor and from 20 (30) to 70 km beneath typical continents. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4AxZ-6MOznYstructure of the lithosphere http://video.about.com/chemistry/What-Is-the-Most-Abundant-Element-.htm chemical composition

  6. Important facts about the lithosphere • The lithosphere is broken into 20 or so slabs, called tectonic plates. The continents sit on top of these plates.These plates move relative to each other at rates of about 5 cm to 10 cm a year causing movement of the Earth. These plates’ movement or plate tectonics are what cause earthquakes around the globe. • Temperatures increase by 35°C for every 1000 m you move down through the lithosphere. • The boundary between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere occurs at the point where temperatures climb above 1300°C. • The lithosphere is only a few kilometers thick under the middle of the oceans. Here, the mantle’s temperature just below the surface is 1300°C. • The lithosphere is thickest — 120 km or so — under the continents.

  7. Ecological functions of the lithosphere • Resource ecological function defines the role of mineral and organic resources and geological space of the lithosphere for life activity of biota in terms of biogeocenosis as well as in terms of social structure. • Geodynamic ecological function reflects the dynamic properties of the lithosphere that influence biota condition, safe and comfortable living conditions for human beings through natural and anthropogenic processes and phenomena. • Geochemical ecological functionreflects properties of geochemical fields (heterogeneities) of the lithosphere of natural and technogenic origin that influence biota state in general including human being. • Geophysical ecological functionreflects properties of geophysical fields (heterogeneities) of the lithosphere of natural and technogenic origin that influence biota state in general including human being.

  8. What is the most abundant element in the universe? THE UNIVERSE • The most abundant element in the universe is hydrogen, which makes up about three-fourths of all. • Helium makes up most of the remaining 25%. • Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe. THE EARTH CRUST The most abundant element in the earth's crust is oxygen, making up 46.6% of the earth's mass. Silicon is the second most abundant element (27.7%), followed by aluminum (8.1%), iron (5.0%), calcium (3.6%), sodium (2.8%), potassium (2.6%). and magnesium (2.1%). These eight elements account for approximately 98.5% of the total mass of the earth's crust.

  9. Chemical composition of the Earth’s crust О – 47%(46.6)K – 2.50% (2.6) Si – 29.5% (27.7)Mg – 1.87% (2.1) Al – 8.05% (8.1)Ti – 0.3% Fe – 4.65% (5.0)H – 0.1% Ca – 2.96% (3.6) Na – 2.50% (2.8) (text book, Orlov, Bezuglaya)

  10. Layers of the lithosphere • The SEDIMENTARY layer consists of (80,4%): Clay, clay slate, sand, sandstone, limestone, dolomite. • The main minerals: Quartz, chalcedony, opal, kaolinite, montmorillonite, calcite, dolomite, halite

  11. Distribution of chemical elements in the Earth crust Chemical elements of the Earth crust are available in mineral forms. Living organisms absorb the elements of the rocks from water solutions and gases. Distribution of rocks and correlation of minerals in the layers define the elements content and their clarks.

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