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The adolescent brain under stress

The adolescent brain under stress. Michael Nerney and Associates P.O. Box 93 Long Lake, NY, 12847-0093 518-624-5351 mcnerneyLL@frontiernet.net. Brain Studies. New Research. MEG Magnetoencephalography SQUID Magnetometry. New research on the adolescent brain.

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The adolescent brain under stress

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  1. The adolescent brain under stress • Michael Nerney and Associates • P.O. Box 93 • Long Lake, NY, 12847-0093 • 518-624-5351 • mcnerneyLL@frontiernet.net

  2. Brain Studies

  3. New Research • MEG Magnetoencephalography • SQUID Magnetometry

  4. New research on theadolescent brain • Discoveries from Neuroimaging • fMRI • Diffusion Spectrum Imaging

  5. Developmental changes • Chemical Trigger for Puberty • Kisspeptin • Signal to Endocrine System • Production of New Hormones • Male/Female

  6. Adolescent hormones • Pituitary Growth Hormone (PGH) • Physical Growth • Skeletal • Muscular • Head and Face • Self Esteem drop Spotlight phenomenon

  7. Adolescent hormones, Cont. • Testosterone • Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics • Estrogen • Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics

  8. The brain

  9. Why is this Brain at Risk? • 200 Billion Cells • Grey Matter • White Matter • Migration and Activation • Cell Migration • Benchmarks

  10. Why is this Brain at Risk?Cont. • Emotional Intensity • 2 to 4 Times • More Frequent Change • Male/Female • Legitimate/Normal

  11. Why is this brain At risk?Cont. • Emotional Intensity • Mirror, Mirror • Male/Female Brain Differences

  12. Why is this Brain at Risk?Cont. • Depression • Serotonin Synthesis

  13. Impact of targeting • Attacks on appearance • Stress chemistry • Negative emotions • Area 25 overdrive

  14. Why is this Brain at Risk?Cont. • Risk Taking • New Sites of Activity • Influence of Peers • Male/Female • Problem Solving • No Load • Social/Emotional Crisis

  15. why is this brain at risk?Cont. • Problem Solving • Social/Emotional Crisis • The Crisis Chemical • THP • Emotional Support Essential

  16. Risk factors, cont. • Emotional Stressors • Social Bonding • Negative Emotions • Boredom • Money

  17. Teens and Conflict • Migration and Activation • Cell Migration • L1 • Benchmarks • “I Know!” • Open Conflict • Don’t Take It Personally

  18. Risk factors, cont. • Males • Older male siblings • Females • Early puberty

  19. Risk Factors • Family Dysfunction • #1 Risk Factor • Emotional and Learning • Disorders • School Failure • Social Isolation

  20. Stress in America-apa study • 13-23 • Highest stress First time ever 27% Extreme stress 8-10 55% Moderate stress 5-7

  21. Stress defined • Brain Chemical Response when situations are perceived as: • Difficult, Dangerous or Painful • Situations can be Physical, Academic, Social, Emotional • Demands are perceived to exceed existing resources

  22. Stress in america • Emotional cost • Negative emotions • Anxiety • Depression • Frustration • Anger • Shift in age for suicidal behaviors

  23. Stress response • Release of chemicals, including: • Norepinephrine • Cortisol B • Adrenaline • Glucocortcoids

  24. Stress response, continued • Fight or Flight; Freeze; Tend and Befriend • Heart Rate Increases • Blood Pressure Increases • Rate of Respiration Increases • Hyper-vigilance • GI Activity – lump in throat, knot in stomach

  25. Stress response • Prefrontal cortex • GATA1 transcription factor • Synaptic connections Glucocorticoids Hippocampus receptors Diminished volume

  26. Stress response, continued • Brain Jam – Perseverating Thoughts • Impact on: • Sleep • Appetite • Mood • Behaviors • Relationships

  27. Negative responses to stress • Flee the Scene • Break Down and Cry • Snarky Effect • “Catastrophize” • Negative Self-Talk

  28. Depression at College • The second leading cause of death on college campuses (after accidents) is suicide. • 86% of college students have felt overwhelmed. • 81% have felt exhausted. • 30% have felt too depressed to function. • 6.6% of college students have seriously considered suicide.

  29. Outside forces • Academic • Classes • Homework • Papers • Grades • Competition

  30. Inner forces • Not good enough • The Perfection Standard • An A+ is unacceptable • I have redone this 5 times • Better than everyone NEEDS WORK!

  31. Outside Forces, continued • Family • Parents • Expectations • Conflicts • Siblings • Changes

  32. Outside Forces, continued • Peers • BFFs • Romantic Relationships • Social Groups • Teams • Events

  33. Outside Forces, continued • Environment • Dorms • Roommates • Home • Neighborhood • Bullies

  34. High risk behaviors • Drug and Alcohol Use • Medicate for Feelings • Limited Practice Skills • No Life Skills • Social/Emotional • Relationship • Adult Brain • Less Fire Power • Harder Work

  35. CONCERNS • Brain Changes Related to Substance Abuse • Reward System Shutdown • Systemic Chemical Change • CREB • Embedded Emotional Memory • New Protein Activity • PKMzeta

  36. Long Term Outcomes ofUnderage Drinking and Drug Abuse • 10% Loss of Volume in Prefrontal Cortex • Executive Function • Learning • Reasoning

  37. Long term outcomes • 10% Loss of Volume in Hippocampus • Memory • Motivation • Social Behaviors

  38. Bullies • Who are they? • Middle school students • High school and College students • Males and Females

  39. bullies How many are there? • 10-15% • Male/Female • 12% 12% • 38% 20% Homophobic taunts Intentional Meanness • As many as 30% • Males-26% Females-24% H-T

  40. Bullies, continued • How do they get away with it? • Transitions • Areas of low supervision • Ineffective interventions

  41. Bullies, continued • What do they do? • Verbal: Teasing, taunting, • Name-calling, threatening • Social: Excluding, isolating, • Starting rumors, embarrassing • Physical: Striking, tripping, spitting • Property destruction

  42. Bullies, cont. • Why should you help? • Negative Emotions and Stress Chemistry • Change in neural activity Change in Area 25 • Sleep Disorders • Low self esteem • Depression • Suicide

  43. Elements of Bullying • Enabling: • Parents • Peers • Teachers • Coaches

  44. Ineffective Tactics • Peer to peer mediation • Conflict resolution • Anger management • Empathy Building

  45. Ineffective Tactics, continued • Felicia had reported the taunts to an administrator, who arranged mediation sessions between Felicia and the boys she said were harassing her. Police are now investigating her death. Neither they nor the Education Department nor the school would comment on the bullying allegations.

  46. Bullying Intervention: C.A.R.E. • C onsequences • A dult Supervision • R estitution • E ducation

  47. Environmental Control • Strong System-Wide Value • Policies and Rules Posted • Plan for Supervision • Central Reporting • Consistent Consequences

  48. Staff Response • Support and Reassurance • Ask the Right Questions • Report to Central Control

  49. Staff Response, continued • Document • Request Info Regarding Plan • Follow Up with Adolescent

  50. Staff Response, continued • Immediate Intervention • Restate Rules • Link to Values

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