1 / 43

Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman

Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman. PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 5: States of Consciousness Karen Huffman, Palomar College. Lecture Overview. Understanding Consciousness Sleep and Dreams Psychoactive Drugs Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness.

traugott
Télécharger la présentation

Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Psychology in Action (8e)byKaren Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation • Chapter 5: States of Consciousness • Karen Huffman, Palomar College ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  2. Lecture Overview • Understanding Consciousness • Sleep and Dreams • Psychoactive Drugs • Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  3. Understanding Consciousness • Consciousness: an organism’s awareness of its own self and surroundings ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  4. Understanding Consciousness • Alternate States of Consciousness (ASCs): mental states, other than ordinary waking consciousness, found during sleep, dreaming, psychoactive drug use, hypnosis, etc. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  5. Sleep and Dreams: Circadian Rhythms • Circadian Rhythms: biological changes occurring on a 24-hour cycle • Our energy level, mood, learning, and alertness all vary throughout the day. • Sections of the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the pineal gland regulate these changes. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  6. Sleep and Dreams: Circadian Rhythms (Continued) • Disrupted circadian rhythms from shift work, jet lag,and sleep deprivation may cause alterations in mood, concentration, motivation, attention, and motor skills. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  7. What happens to humans and other animals while we sleep and dream? Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  8. Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep • NREM (Non-Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep: • Stage 1 (lightest sleep) • Stage 2 (deeper sleep) • Stages 3 and 4 (deepest sleep) • REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep: • Light sleep (also called paradoxical sleep) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  9. Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep (Continued) • NREM (non-REM) sleep: • includes Stages 1 through 4 • involves lower-frequency brain waves, decreased pulse and breathing,and occasional, simple dreams • serves a biological need (NREM needs met before REM needs) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  10. Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep (Continued) • REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) sleep: • also known as paradoxical sleep. • involves high-frequency brain waves, increased pulse and breathing, large muscle . • serves a biological need. • may play a role in learning and consolidating new memories. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  11. Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep in a Typical Night ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  12. The EEG, EOG, and EMG are common tools for sleep research. Sleep and Dreams: Research ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  13. Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep & Brain Waves ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  14. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review • Judging by the cat’s posture, can you identify the photo showing REM sleep? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  15. Sleep and Dreams: Over the Life Span ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  16. Sleep and Dreams: Average Daily Hours of Sleep for Different Mammals ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  17. Sleep and Dreams: Why Do We Sleep? • Repair/Restoration Theory: sleep helps us recuperate from daily activities • Evolutionary/Circadian Theory:sleep evolved to conserve energy and as protection from predators • Cognitive Theory:dreams improve information processing ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  18. Sleep and Dreams: Why Do We Dream? • Psychoanalytic Theory: dreams are disguised symbols (manifest versus latent content) of repressed desires and anxieties • Biological Theory (activation-synthesis hypothesis): dreams are simple by-products of random stimulation of brain cells ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  19. Sleep and Dreams: Sleep Disorders Two major categories: • Dyssomnias: problems in amount, timing, and quality of sleep • Parasomnias: abnormal disturbances during sleep ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  20. Sleep and Dreams: Three Forms of Dyssomnias • Insomnia: persistent problems in falling asleep, staying asleep, or awakening too early • Sleep Apnea: repeated interruption of breathing during sleep • Narcolepsy: sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  21. Sleep and Dreams: Narcolepsy in Dogs ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  22. Sleep and Dreams: Two Forms of Parasomnias • Nightmares: anxiety-arousing dreams occurring near the end of sleep, during REM sleep • Night Terrors: abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense physiological arousal and feelings of panic ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  23. Psychoactive Drugs • Psychoactive Drugs: chemicals that change conscious awareness, mood, or perception ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  24. Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms • Drug Abuse: drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to the individual or others • Addiction: compulsion to use a specific drug or to engage in a certain activity ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  25. Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms • Psychological Dependence: desire or craving to achieve effects produced by drug • Physical Dependence: bodily processes have been somodified by repeated drug use that continued use is required to prevent withdrawal symptoms ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  26. Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms (Continued) • Withdrawal: discomfort and distress experienced after stopping the use of addictive drugs • Tolerance: decreased sensitivity to a drug brought about by its continuous use ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  27. Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories 1.Depressants:act on the CNS to suppress bodily processes (e.g., alcohol, valium) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  28. Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants (Continued) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  29. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  30. Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants 2.Stimulants:act on the CNS to increase bodily processes (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, cocaine) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  31. Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology? • You’ll know how methamphetamine destroys the teeth and gums of chronic users. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  32. Psychoactive Drugs: Opiates 3.Opiates:act as an analgesic or pain reliever (e.g., morphine, heroin) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  33. Psychoactive Drugs: Hallucinogens 4.Hallucinogens: produce sensory or perceptual distortions called hallucinations (e.g., LSD, marijuana) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  34. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  35. Applying Psychology to Everyday Life:Club Drug Alert! • Popular “Club Drugs”: • Date Rape Drug (Rohypnol) • MDMA (Ecstasy) • GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate) • Special K (Ketamine) • Crystal Meth (Methamphetamine) • LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  36. Psychoactive Drugs: How They Work • Step 1). Alter the production or synthesis of neurotransmitters. • Step 2). Change the storage or release of neurotransmitters. • Step 3). Alter the reception of neurotransmitters. • Step 4). Change the deactivation (block the reuptake or break-down) of excess neurotransmitters. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  37. How Psychoactive Drugs Work (Step 3: Agonists vs. Antagonists) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  38. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  39. Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness • Meditation: group of techniques designed to refocus attention, block out all distractions, and produce an ASC ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  40. Hypnosis: trancelike state of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and intense focus Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  41. Hypnosis is used to treat chronic pain, severe burns, dentistry, childbirth, psychotherapy. Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  42. Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology? • You’ll recognize the following myths about hypnosis: • Forced hypnosis • Unethical behavior • Exceptional memory • Superhuman strength • Fakery ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  43. Psychology in Action (8e)byKaren Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation • End of Chapter 5: States of Consciousness • Karen Huffman, Palomar College ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

More Related