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Kim Kusk Mortensen Dept. of Molecular Biology Aarhus University Aarhus - Denmark

Physics and Chemistry of Multifunctional Materials June 25th to July 9th 2006 Genova - Italy Biomaterials - Biopolymers. Kim Kusk Mortensen Dept. of Molecular Biology Aarhus University Aarhus - Denmark. Biopolymers Lecture disposition. Fibers, hair, horn, skin and storage Examples and uses

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Kim Kusk Mortensen Dept. of Molecular Biology Aarhus University Aarhus - Denmark

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  1. Physics and Chemistry of Multifunctional MaterialsJune 25th to July 9th 2006Genova - ItalyBiomaterials - Biopolymers Kim Kusk Mortensen Dept. of Molecular Biology Aarhus University Aarhus - Denmark

  2. BiopolymersLecture disposition • Fibers, hair, horn, skin and storage • Examples and uses • DNA, Protein and Carbohydrates • Chemistry, structure and functions • Design of novel functions

  3. Examples and uses • Fibers • Vegetable fibers • Cellulose • Animal fibers • Keratin • Collagen • Fibroin • Storage • Starch • Glycogen

  4. Vegetable fibersSeed fibers (cellulose) Cotton Kapok

  5. Vegetable fibersFruit fiber (cellulose) Used for the manufacture of dormats, brushes and insulation Coconut Coir

  6. Vegetable fibersLeaf fiber (cellulose) Sisal (agave)

  7. Vegetable fibersBast fiber (cellulose) Jute Fibers for rope manufacturing Retting

  8. Vegetable fibersBast fiber (cellulose) Hemp Flax (linen) Kenaf Nettles … also trees, papyrus, soybean, ocra, banana… and many other plants Used for manufacturing of ropes, yarn, paper, burlap (hessian)

  9. Vegetable fibersStalk fiber (cellulose) Straws of wheat, rice, barley, and other crops including bamboo, rattan and grass Used for numerous purposes, eg building materials Rattan chair

  10. Vegetable carbohydratesStorage (starch, glycogen) Electron micrograph of liver tissue

  11. Animal fibersHair (protein – keratin) Wool from sheep, goats, rabbits and llamas is used for the manufacturing of yarn, textiles and felt.

  12. Animal fibersSinews, skin, cartilage, and bones (protein – collagen) Production of glue, gelatin and collagen

  13. Animal fibersSilk (protein – fibroin)

  14. Chemistry, structure and functions • DNA • Building blocks • Structure • Function • Protein • Building blocks • Structures • Self assembly • Examples • Carbohydrates • Building blocks • Structures • Examples

  15. DNA (RNA) - carrier of informationBuilding blocks • Deoxyribonucleic acid • Four building blocks – A, T, C, G (bases) • Two base pairs – A:T and G:C • Ribonucleic acid • Four building blocks – A, U, C, G (bases) • Two base pairs – A:U and G:C • Both 2’ and 3’ hydroxyls on ribose dATP ATP

  16. DNA (RNA) replication

  17. DNA (RNA) structure

  18. DNA – bacterial kromosome

  19. DNA and RNA function • Keeper of information (DNA) • Carrier of information (DNA and mRNA) • Transport and fidelity (tRNA) • Control of transcription (siRNA) • Control of translation (tmRNA, mRNA) • Ribozymes (RNA-enzymes, Ribosome)

  20. Protein - carrier of function • Polymer of amino acids • Only L-amino acidsin natural proteins

  21. Polypeptide synthesis • Peptide bond formation

  22. 20 different natural amino acids

  23. Polypeptide sequence of amino acids - coded by the DNA sequence

  24. Protein structureSelf assembly

  25. Protein function • Enzyme • Transport • Timers • Fidelity • Controle • Structural proteins

  26. Keratin Hair, horns, skin, nails, hoofs and tortoise shells are made of keratin

  27. Collagen Sinews, skin, cartilage, and bones

  28. Silk (fibroin)

  29. CarbohydratesMono- and disaccharides • Polymers of sugar-monomers Sucrose/ Saccharose Sucrose Lactose Fructose Maltose Galactose

  30. CarbohydratesPolysaccharides

  31. CarbohydratesSynthesis and degradation • Enzymatic catalysed synthesis • Structure and sequence is enzyme coded • Enzymatic catalysed degradation

  32. Polysaccharides structureCellulose

  33. Polysaccharide structureXylans

  34. Polysaccharide structureChitin: polyglucosamin

  35. Polysaccharide structureStarch: Amylose and amylopectin

  36. Polysaccharide structureGlycogen

  37. Polysaccharide structureDextran Leuconostoc mesenteroides Dextran-sucrase n Sucrose (glucose)n + n fructose Dextran

  38. Polysaccharide structureAgar - agarose (galactose-3,6-anhydrogalactose)n

  39. Design of novel functions • Nano-materials • Defined layers • Surfaces • Tubes - conductors • Multi-diciplinary development • DNA and Protein • Carbohydrates • Organic chemistry • Inorganic chemistry • Electrochemistry • …

  40. Self assembly • Exploite biopolymer association • Selectivity • Specificity • Affinity • Develop binding koordination • Surface grafting • Sequential binding • Enzymatic activation • Bloking and deblocking

  41. Self-assembling structuresExample: Virus coat Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV)

  42. Selectivity and affinityAvidin (streptavidin) - Biotin Biotin Kd ≈ 10-14 - 10-15 Avidin

  43. Surface design

  44. Surface design PNA Peptide Nucleic Acid

  45. Linking DNA sequence to protein functionPhage-display

  46. Artificial spider webNEXUS Spider glands Fibroin produced in a transgenic goat

  47. Future materials

  48. Future materials Nanotubes Nanosheets

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