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SIR ISAAC NEWTON 1642 – 1727 (PART – I). By: VIVEK JOSEPH DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS BBDNIIT. "Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in the night; God said, Let Newton be! And all was light." Alexander Pope. Talk on Isaac Newton. Early Life Life in Cambridge University
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SIR ISAAC NEWTON1642 – 1727(PART – I) By: VIVEK JOSEPH DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS BBDNIIT
"Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in the night; God said, Let Newton be! And all was light." Alexander Pope
Talk on Isaac Newton • Early Life • Life in Cambridge University • Conflict with Robert Hooke and Leibniz • Principia • End Days of Isaac Newton
BIRTH OF ISAAC NEWTON • A year later after Galileo’s death, Isaac Newton was born prematurely on Christmas day 1642 in Woolsthorpe, a hamlet near Grantham in Lincolnshire (U.K.). • His father, died shortly before Newton was born. • When he was barely three years old Newton's mother, Hanna (Ayscough), placed her first born with his grandmother in order to remarry and raise a second family with Barnabas Smith, a wealthy rector from nearby North Witham.
EARLY LIFE OF NEWTON(Enter in School, Hanna’s Return, Return of Newton) • Isaac Newton was sent to King’s school at Grantham (7 miles from Woolthrope), were his learning and mechanical proficiency excited some attention. • Hanna returned to Woolsthorpe in 1653 after the death of her second husband. • In 1656 Newton returned home to learn the business of a farmer, but spent most of his time solving problems, making experiments, or devising mechanical models.
EARLY LIFE OF NEWTON(Recommendation by Newton’s Uncle for Cambridge) • With the bending interest of Isaac Newton in Science, Isaac Newton uncle (Hanna’s Brother) having been himself educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, recommended that he should be sent there. • On 5/15 June, 1661 Newton entered as a student at Trinity College, Cambridge.
LIFE OF ISAAC NEWTON IN CAMBRIDGE(Newton Did not get Scholarship) • Isaac Newton initially did not got any scholarship in Trinity College during his Graduation. • Isaac paid his way through college for the first three years by waiting tables and cleaning rooms for the fellows (faculty) and the wealthier students. • In fact for the first time he found himself among surroundings which were likely to develop his powers.
LIFE OF ISAAC NEWTON IN CAMBRIDGE(INTEREST OF NEWTON IN MATHEMATICS) • Isaac Newton had not read any mathematics before coming into residence, but was acquainted with Sanderson's Logic, which was then frequently read as preliminary to mathematics. • At the beginning of his first October term he happened to stroll down to Stourbridge Fair, and there picked up a book on astrology, but could not understand it on account of the geometry and trigonometry.
Bending Interest Towards Mathematics(Read Discarte Geometry, Elements, study privately) • Now to Understand the concept of Geometry and Trigonometry Isaac Newton bought a book of Euclid, Descartes'sGéométrie, Oughted'sClavis. • During his undergraduate years Newton was deeply engrossed in private study, that he privately mastered the works of René Descartes, Pierre Gassendi, Thomas Hobbes, and other major figures of the scientific revolution. • By1664 Newton had begun to master Descartes' Géométrie and other forms of mathematics far in advance of Euclid's Elements.
Attention of Isaac Barrow towards Isaac Newton(Introduction of Isaac Barrow) • During his undergraduate period Newton was founded to work on Kepler'sOptics, the works of Vieta, van Schooten'sMiscellanies, Descartes'sGéométrie, and Wallis's ArithmeticaInfinitorum. He also attended Barrow's lecture • Isaac Barrow a gifted Mathematician and Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge seeing all this and bound to appreciate Newton's genius.
Completing Graduation • Isaac Newton graduated BA in 1664/5 in a class of twenty-six from Trinity without honors or distinction. • In 1665 the university was closed for the next two years because of plague, Newton returned to Woolsthorpe in midyear.
Contribution of Isaac Newton During the period of Plague in Cambridge • There, in the following 18 months, he made a series of original contributions to science. • He wrote later that during this time he first understood the theory of gravitation, and the theory of optics. • He also worked out the fluxional calculus. • Newton said 'All this was in the two plague years of 1665 and 1666, for in those days I as in my prime of age for invention, and minded mathematics and philosophy more than at any time since”.
Work of Isaac Newton during 18 Months Period • Newton was the first to understand that white light was made up of seven colour i.e. Rainbow. • Newton conducted most of the optical experiment on his own eye making himself almost blind. • In 1666 Newton observed the fall of an apple in his garden at Woolsthorpe, later recalling, 'In the same year I began to think of gravity extending to the orbit of the Moon.‘ • In fact, all evidence suggests that the concept of universal gravitation did not spring full-blown from Newton's head in 1666 but was nearly 20 years in gestation. • In 1666 Newton developed Binomial Theorem.
Reputed descendants of Newton's apple tree, at the Cambridge University Botanic Garden
Calculus • Who is the considered to be the mathematician to developed calculus? • One of the biggest and controversial question in Mathematics. • Today in the world of Mathematics Newton and Leibniz were given credit for the development of Calculus.
Development of Calculus before Newton • Much of the work on Calculus had been done before Newton. • Fermat defined his own concept of Maxima and Minima. • Isaac Barrow developed a concept of tangent at any point on the curve. • Isaac Newton contributions provided the leap from the possible to the actual. • Newton started thinking on Calculus with the Problem of describing a path of an object as it travelled in either straight line or a curved line.
Past Concept on Calculus • The straight line had been long understood, but the curved path was merely described by the use of many small, straight lines. The more small lines, the more accurate the calculation. • Even Galileo had worked to understand the curved path of an object, showing the need to find a means to describe this path. • Descartes invented analytical geometry in response to Galileo's work, so now algebraic equations could be used to solve the problems.
Newton’s Concept on Calculus • Newton made a subtle change in the existing understanding of the curved path that resulted in great advances. • Newton considered the path as created by one point moving through space for a period of time. • This moving point was called a fluent, and its velocity was called fluxion. Changes in the fluxion was acceleration. • Finally in 1734 James Smith published his work as Newton Treatise of Fluxions.
Return of Isaac Newton to Cambridge(Return to Cambridge, Elected fellowship, Revised Isaac Barrow Lecture) • On his return to Cambridge in 1667 Newton was elected to a fellowship at his college. • In the early part of 1669, or perhaps in 1668, he revised Barrow's lectures for him. • The end of the fourteenth lecture is known to have been written by Newton, but how much of the rest is due to his suggestions cannot now be determined.
Lucansian Chair of Professorship in Mathematics(Isaac Barrow Resigned, Newton Lecture’s in optics) • In October 1669, Barrow resigned the Lucasian chair in favour of Newton. • During his tenure of the professorship, it was Newton's practice to lecture publicly once a week, for from half-an-hour to an hour at a time, in one term of each year. • Newton used to give four or five hours at the end of the week to those students who wished to come to his rooms to discuss the results of the previous lecture.
Lucasian Chair of Professorship in Mathematics • The Lucasian Professorship of Mathematics is the most famous academic chair in the world. This is due in no small part to the current holder of the chair, Professor Stephen Hawking, who is a well known theoretical physicist, and Sir Isaac Newton who was the second holder of the chair. What is not so commonly known is that the chair has been held by others who represent the best and most influential minds in science and technology the world has known. As a group, the seventeen men who have held the chair have made a unique contribution to the world. The three hundred thirty years that have passed since its founding have seen a dramatic evolution of science. • Michael Green (Mathematcian) hold the Chair after Stephen Hawking in 2009.
Topic of the Lecture from 1669 to 1671 • When first appointed Newton chose optics for the subject of his lectures and • Before the end of 1669 he had worked out the details of his discovery of the decomposition of a ray of white light into rays of different colours by means of a prism. • The complete explanation of the theory of the rainbow followed from this discovery. • These discoveries formed the subject-matter of the lectures which he delivered as Lucasian professor in the years 1669, 1670 and 1671.
Elected to the Royal Society • In 1672 Isaac Newton elected to the Royal Society. • The chief new results were embodied in a paper communicated to the Royal Society in February, 1672, and subsequently published in the Philosophical Transactions. • On December 10, Newton sends letter to John Collins on method of tangents. • The manuscript of his original lectures was printed in 1729 under the title LectionesOpticae.
Reflecting Microscope(Newton Theory of Light as Corpuscular Theory) • In 1672 he invented a reflecting microscope, and some years later he invented the sextant which was rediscovered by J. Hadley in 1731. • Newton studied on the question as how the effect of light were really produced. • By the end of 1675 Newton formed a corpuscular or emission theory and with this he explained various phenomenon of geometrical optics, reflection, refraction, diffraction etc. • Newton's corpuscular theory was expounded in memoirs communicated to the Royal Society in December 1675, which are substantially reproduced in his Optics, published in 1704.
Conflict Between Newton & Robert Hooke • In February, 1672 when Isaac Newton presented a paper his first paper to the Royal Society, detailing his work on the nature of light and advancing his theory that white light was a composite of all the colours of the spectrum. • Hooke had his own ideas about the nature of light--ideas that contradicted Newton's suggestion that light was composed of particles; Hooke himself believed that light travelled in waves. • Thus he quickly damned Newton's paper by praising it only in condescending terms--he noted its "niceness and curiousity"--and then proceeding to attack Newton's methodology and conclusions.
Conflict between Isaac Newton & Robert Hooke • Newton was so depressed and hurt with this situation that in March 1673 he threaten to withdraw from Royal Society. • He only remained at the pressing of the Secretary, Henry Oldenburg, who assured him that the Fellows indeed held him in high esteem. • The conflict between Newton and Hooke again raised up on Gravitational Law.
Period from 1673- 1680 • Newton professorial lectures from 1673 to 1683 were on algebra and the theory of equations. • One of the work was on Theory of Equation in which he classified the second degree equation as Parabola, Ellipse and Hyperbola. • In next step he classified the cubic equation in 78 different curves.
