review mix apush a

1. 1. The concept of inflating the currency to solve economic problems was supported by each of the following groups or movements EXCEPT(A)  the ideas of William H. Harvey in Coin’s Financial School(B)  Kellogism(C)  Greenback Labor Party(D)  the Gold Bugs(E)  Populist Platform of 1892

2. Answer: (D)  Explanation: The “gold bugs” were usually Cleveland Democrats who supported his hard money policies and were opposed to inflating the currency.  All of the other groups were either political parties or movements that were in favor of an inflationary monetary policy including silver coinage. The Greenback Labor party was formed in response to what agrarians and debtors called the “Crime of 1873—the demonetization of silver enacted by the Coinage Act of 1873. Basic to their beliefs was inflating the currency by issuing Greenbacks (paper money). Kellogism was a movement to that advocated a flexible currency by issuing Greenbacks in which paper money would be backed by bullion. William H. Harvey, an advocate of free coinage of silver, published pamphlet Coin's Financial School, which argued that farmers were the targets of American and British financial interests and he believed that reliance on gold alone tended to tighten the money supply and lower prices. The unlimited coinage of silver would expand the money supply and raise farm prices.  The Populist Platform of 1892 summed up three decades of agrarian unrest by calling for an expansion of the money supply by the unlimited coinage of silver.

3. 2. The Liberal Republicans or independents were a reform wing of the Republican party in the post Civil War era that were also called(A) Half-Breeds(B) Mugwumps(C) Stalwarts(D) Hunkers(E) Barnburners

4. Answer: (B)   Explanation: Mugwumps were a nickname for the independent or liberal Republicans, a reform wing of the party led by Carl Schurz who deserted Blaine and supported the conservative Democrat Grover Cleveland in the election of 1884. This defection by the mugwumps illustrated the lack of real issues between the two parties; it was the man and not the party that counted. Mugwumps are often portrayed as "fence-sitters" with part of their body on the side of the Democrats and the other on the side of the Republicans.  Stalwarts were “spoilsmen” led by Roscoe Conkling and they were opposed by the Half-Breeds, who gave lip service to civil service reform, and supported Blaine.  The terms Hunkers and Barnburners refer to two different factions of the Democratic party during the Jacksonian era.

5. 3. All of the following are considered to be radicals in the labor movement EXCEPT  (A) Mary Harris “Mother” Jones(B) I.W.W. or Wooblies(C) American Federation of Labor(D) Western Federation of Miners(E) Molly McGuires

6. Answer: (C)  Explanation: The American Federation of Labor was a conservative worker organization compared to the others that advocated craft or trade unionism which restricted union membership to wage earners and grouped workers into locals based on their trade or craft identification. This approach contrasted with the effort of many that wanted political change as it focused on economic rather than political reform as the best way of securing workers' rights and benefits.  The Wooblies were anarcho-syndacalist who grew out of the Western Federation of Miners and favored one world union and a philosophy of direct action, which could result in violence.  The Molly McGuires were a secret organization of Irish-Americans centered in the anthracite mining districts of Pennsylvania who often resorted to violence to try to intimidate the railroad owners and the police.  Mother Jones was the patron saint of all labor radicals and when she was denounced in the U.S. Senate as the grandmother of all agitators she replied that she hoped to live to be the great grandmother of agitators.

7. 4. One of the primary reasons that Progressivism succeeded where Populism failed is that Progressivism(A) offered a radical transformation of American society(B) it was a reform movement from the “bottom up” rather than from the top down(C) had the support of the emerging middle class(D) was supported by Supreme Court decisions(E) emphasized agrarian values over urban ones

8. Answer: (C)   Explanation: Most Progressives were educated affluent middle-class men and women, who began their reforming activities by trying to improve their own communities. Many were lawyers, businessmen, and publishers who felt trapped between the burgeoning power of the corporation above, and the increasingly violent clamoring of working class labor below.  If anything their values were of what later became suburban and were of a middle of the road nature unlike the radicalism of the earlier reform movement Populism.  The Supreme Court decisions went against them at first and their values were not agrarian ones.

9. 5. Which of the following African American leaders is NOT correctly matched with the organization, movement, or issue he was associated with?(A) Booker T. Washington—Atlanta Compromise(B) W.E.B. DuBois—Niagara Movement(C) Marcus Garvey—“back to Africa movement”(D) Martin Luther King Jr.—Black Panthers(E) Malcolm X—Black Muslims

10. Answer: (D)Explanation: Martin Luther King Jr. became a leading spokesman for integration with his emphasis on the civil disobedience of Henry David Thoreau and the non-violence of Mahatma Gandhi. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was established in 1957 to coordinate the peaceful action of local protest groups throughout the South. Under King’s leadership the organization utilized the power and independence of black churches as the strength of its activities.  The Black Panthers took an entirely different approach than King as they were a militant organization who fought to establish revolutionary socialism through mass organizing and community based programs.  The other leaders are all paired with the movement or organization that they are affiliated with.

11. 6. As Secretary of the Treasury in the 1920s Andrew Mellon’s economic policies resulted in which of the following?(A) balancing the federal budget to pay for social welfare programs(B) a reduction in the income tax for the upper incomes that would result in more money for private investment leading to a “Bull Market” in stock purchases(C) an increase in the purchasing power for low income groups(D) a long term prosperity for the nation that would last for decades(E) the transformation of American society from a primarily market based economy to one that was a mixed economy of public and private investment

12. Answer: (B)Explanation: Mellon’s policies were designed to benefit the rich and it has been said that three President’s (Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover) served under him in the 1920s. At his urging Congress passed the  Revenue Act of 1926 which reduced personal income and inheritance taxes and ended public access to income tax returns by repealing the publicity clause.

13. 7. Which of the following is associated with the foreign policy of both Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt?(A) the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine(B) “gunboat” and “big stick” diplomacy(C) morality and “grape juice” diplomacy(D) Dollar diplomacy(E) Good Neighbor policy

14. Answer: (E)  Explanation: In a change from the earlier policy of the United States dominating and controlling its Latin American neighbors upon taking office FDR continued Hoover’s policy of having better relations with Latin America and even gave it a name in his first inaugural when he said, “In the field of world policy I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor.”  All of the other types of foreign policy were associated with earlier presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and William Howard Taft.

15. 8. Social and cultural phenomena that were significant in the 1950s included all of the following EXCEPT(A) revolutionary impact of the mass marketing power of Television(B) move to the suburbs that started in the post-WWII era was accelerated(C) the emergence of a new form of music called “Rock and Roll” by Allen Freed(D) the rejection of the middle class lifestyle and value system by the “Beats (niks)”(E) the “Lost Generation” leaving America and becoming expatriates in Europe

16. Answer: (E)Explanation: The phenomena of the “Lost Generation” actually occurred during the 1920s and not the 1950s when Gertrude Stein used this term to describe the expatriates who became disillusioned with America after WWI and fled to Paris to live on the left bank of the Seine River.  Seeking the bohemian lifestyle and rejecting the values of American materialism, these intellectuals, poets, artists and writers were full of youthful idealism and sought a meaning of life they could not find in the United States, or so they thought.

17. 9. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 provided that(A) all person shall be entitled to…equal enjoyment…of any place of public accommodation…without discrimination or segregation on the grounds of race, color, religion, or national origin(B) no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law(C) no literary test or poll tax shall be used to keep people from voting(D) in the field of public education, the doctrine of separate but equal has no place as separate educational facilities are inherently unequal(E) the government would be responsible for creating and maintaining full employment through the President’s Council of Economic Advisors

18. Answer: (A)Explanation: The actual wording of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 said that “All persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, and accommodations of any place of public accommodation, as defined in this section, without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin.” It also defined the following:1.  Public accommodations included any inn, hotel, motel, or other establishment which provides lodging to transient guests, other than boarding houses of five rooms or less in which the proprietor lives;2. any restaurant, cafeteria, lunchroom, lunch counter, soda fountain, or other facility principally engaged in selling food for consumption on the premises, including, but not limited to, any such facility located on the premises of any retail establishment; or any gasoline station;3. any motion picture house, theater, concert hall, sports arena, stadium or other place of exhibition or entertainment.

19. 10.  As compared to the earlier “old” and “new” immigrants of the 19th and early 20th century the newest immigrant of the 1970s-2000(A) mostly came from Asia and Latin America instead of Europe(B) refused to take the low paying jobs associated with unskilled labor(C) rapidly assimilated to the prevailing culture and value system(D) were universally welcomed into the U. S. in order to provide more diversity to the existing culture(E) came legally by going through the immigration process

20. Answer: (A)Explanation: The most recent immigrants have come to the U. S. from both Latin America and Asia with more than half of them coming from one country—Mexico. They have not refused to take low paying jobs nor have they easily assimilated with many of them keeping their own culture and especially their own language.  Also, unlike earlier immigrant groups, many of these immigrants have not come to the U. S. legally.  Some Americans feel that the illegal nature of much of this immigration and the failure of the immigrants to assimilate provides more diversity than is needed to the existing culture.

21. 1.  Which of the following colonies was established primarily for financial considerations?(A) Massachusetts(B) Pennsylvania(C) Jamestown(D) Rhode Island(E) Maryland

22. Answer: (C)Explanation: Massachusetts was established by the Puritans as a theological colony to serve as an inspiration or, in the words of John Winthrop, a "City Upon a Hill," for England to emulate theologically and, by default, politically. William Penn hoped for a financial success in Pennsylvania, but his primarily intent was a colony for his Quaker co-religionists. Maryland was a refuge for Catholics and Rhode Island served as an escape point for Puritans who troubled the orthodox in Massachusetts like Roger Williams. Of these five colonies, only Jamestown had an exclusively financial purpose in its establishment.

23. 2.  Which of the following colonial governments was most amicable to its Native American populations?(A) Virginia(B) Pennsylvania(C) Massachusetts(D) New York(E) South Carolina

24. Answer: (B)Explanation: Because of their belief in the "Inner Light" or "Inner Christ" in all people, the Quakers sought peaceful relations with the Native Americans in Pennsylvania.  However, with the settlement of non-Quaker populations in the 1750s and 1760s, like the Scots-Irish, conflicts with Native Americans in western Pennsylvania became increasingly common.

25. 3.  In what way did the Seven-Years War (also known as the French and Indian War in North America) contribute to the conflicts that led to the American War for Independence?(A) The British defeat in the Seven-Years War and Parliament's demand for revenge for this loss, caused the British government to demand greater tax revenues from the colonies to pay for future wars against the French.(B) The French victory in the Seven-Years War was tempered by Pontiac's rebellion. This rebellion inspired the British to utilize their native allies against the French. This use of Native Americans on the American colonial borders antagonized American settlers in the West.(C)The British victory in the Seven-Years War financially crippled the British government. To offset the cost of its payment to creditors, Parliament instituted a number of financial measures to make its colonies profitable.  (D) The British victory in the Seven-Years War financially weakened the British government. This weakness forced them to invest in their colonies in Canada at the expense of the American colonies.(E) The British were jealous of American successes during the Seven-Years war and hoped to force the colonists to recognize their superiority.

26. Answer: (C)Explanation: Though victorious, after the Seven-Years War, the British faced a debt where the interest payment equaled that of the Crown's annual budget before the war.  To offset these costs, Parliament instituted a number of mercantile reforms, including, a revised Sugar Act, the Currency Act, and the notorious Stamp Act.

27. 4.  Which of the following individuals would most likely vote Jeffersonian Republican in the off-year national election of 1798?(A) a merchant in Boston.(B) a clerk at the War Department(C) a share holder in the National Bank(D) a Pennsylvania farmer on the western side of the Allegheny Mountains(E) a longshoremen in New York

28. Answer: (D)Explanation: In the aftermath of the Whiskey Rebellion (which took place in western Pennsylvania) and in the midst of Adams' Quasi-War with the French, the Jeffersonian Republicans surged in Congress in the off-year elections of 1798.  This presaged Jefferson's presidential victory in the election of 1800.

29. 5.  During the so-called American Renaissance, which of the following authors wrote a collection of poems that sought to encapsulate the entirety of the American experience?(A) Henry David Thoreau(B) Walt Whitman(C) William Lloyd Garrison(D) Ralph Waldo Emerson(E) Emily Dickenson

30. Answer: (B)Explanation: Walt Whitman self-published the first edition of Leaves of Grass in 1855.  In its introduction, he called the United States a teeming "nation of nations."

31. 6. Which of the following best explains the all-encompassing, national effect of the Panic of 1819?(A) British control over the American economy had reached a point where they could financially undermine the United States at will.(B) Land values, which were closely tied to cotton prices, fell sharply after President James Monroe authorized the creation of the Second National Bank.(C) The War of 1812 indebted the government to such an extent that the government was no longer able to subsidize cotton production in the South.(D) A collapse in cotton prices forced a chain reaction in the interconnected American economy.(E) The crash in the New York Stock Exchange cause widespread unemployment.

32. Answer: (D)Explanation:  By 1819, assisted by the advent of steamboats and the growth of the canal and turnpike system, the three broad regions of the U.S. economy, the West, South, and North, had come to depend on one another in an interconnected relationship that was mutually profitable, but also mutually detrimental in times of an economic downturn.  The Panic of 1819 is generally considered the beginning of the "boom and bust" cycle in the American economy.

33. 7.  Which of the following pieces of congressional legislation repealed the Missouri Compromise?(A) The Compromise of 1850(B) The Kansas-Nebraska Act(C) Crittenden's Compromise(D) The Fugitive Slave Act(E) The Wilmot Proviso

34. Answer: (B)Explanation:  Stephen Douglas' Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) repealed the Missouri Compromise and opened the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to slavery through the theory of "popular sovereignty."  By this theory, territorial status regarding slavery was decided by the settlers themselves.  This started a guerilla war between pro- and anti-slavery forces in Kansas in 1855 and seriously exacerbated tensions between the North and South in the decade preceding the Civil War.

35. 8.  Which of the following would most likely have voted for Abraham Lincoln in 1860?(A) a Virginian, slave-holding Whig who believed in the inherent inferiority of African-American slaves.(B) a Whig, yeoman farmer in western Kentucky.(C) a working-class Democrat in Ohio.(D) an Independent (non-aligned) unemployed dock worker in Missouri.(E)  a Whig admirer of the late President Zachary Taylor.

36. Answer: (C)Explanation:  Much of Lincoln's support in the North came not only from former Whigs, but also from working class Democrats who believed that the expansion of slavery was ultimately degrading to the white working class.  Known as "free soilers" these anti-slavery Democrats found Lincoln's non-expansionist rhetoric more appealing than they did that of the former Republican candidate, John C. Fremont, in 1856.  Fremont's slogan was "Free Soil, Free Men, Fremont!"  Lincoln's campaign was much more temperate in its rhetoric (if not its ideology).

37. 9.  In the summer of 1863, which two battles arguably turned the tide of the Civil War in favor of the North?(A) Gettysburg and Shiloh(B) Shiloh and Antietam(C) Antietam and Vicksburg(D) Vicksburg and Shiloh(E)  Gettysburg and Vicksburg

38. Answer: (E)Explanation: In July of 1863 General Lee retreated from his invasion into Pennsylvania after the Battle of Gettysburg.  This was the last time that the Confederacy was on the offensive in the conflict.  Also this summer, General Grant's siege at the Mississippi River town of Vicksburg proved successful, therein giving the North control over the Mississippi River.

39. 10.  Which of the following most prevented former African-American slaves from taking advantage of their freedom in the immediate aftermath of the Civil War?(A) a lack of education.(B) inability to find work in agricultural jobs(C) persistent racism in northern and southern society(D) a downturn in the national economy.(E) a declining interest in African-American issues among white Southerners

40. Answer: (C)Explanation:  A combination of "redeemer" governments in the South and, by 1877, apathy in the North left African-Americans, as Frederick Douglass said, "to the wrath of our infuriated masters."