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THE HUMAN LIFE CYCLE

THE HUMAN LIFE CYCLE. CELLS DIVIDING IN AN EARLY EMBRYO. THE CELL CYCLE = THE DAY-TO-DAY LIFE OF A CELL. CELL NUCLEI. CHROMOSOMES IN THE CELL NUCLEUS - CHROMOSOMES ARE MADE OF DNA. CHROMOSOMES DUPLICATE BEFORE CELLS DIVIDE. A DIVIDING CELL. CELL DIVISION - MITOSIS.

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THE HUMAN LIFE CYCLE

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  1. THE HUMAN LIFE CYCLE

  2. CELLS DIVIDING IN AN EARLY EMBRYO

  3. THE CELL CYCLE = THE DAY-TO-DAY LIFE OF A CELL

  4. CELL NUCLEI

  5. CHROMOSOMES IN THE CELL NUCLEUS- CHROMOSOMES ARE MADE OF DNA

  6. CHROMOSOMES DUPLICATE BEFORE CELLS DIVIDE

  7. A DIVIDING CELL

  8. CELL DIVISION - MITOSIS

  9. CELL DIVISION - MITOSIS

  10. INTERPHASE

  11. PROPHASE

  12. METAPHASE

  13. ANAPHASE

  14. TELOPHASE

  15. CELL DIVISION - MITOSIS

  16. SKIN CELLS ARE CONSTANTLY DIVIDING

  17. BREAST CELLSNORMAL CANCEROUS

  18. COMPARISON OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

  19. MEIOSIS – MEIOSIS I

  20. MEIOSIS – MEIOSIS II

  21. DOWN’S SYNDROME

  22. Characteristics of Down’s Syndrome • There are over 50 clinical signs of Down syndrome, but it is rare to find all or even most of them in one person. Some common characteristics and down syndrome facts include: • Poor muscle tone • Slanting eyes with folds of skin at the inner corners (called epicanthal folds) • Hyperflexibility (excessive ability to extend the joints) • Short, broad hands with a single crease across the palm on one or both hands • Broad feet with short toes • Flat bridge of the nose • Short, low-set ears • Short neck • Small head • Small oral cavity • Short, high-pitched cries in infancy.

  23. MATERNAL AGE vs. RATE OF DOWN’S SYNDROME

  24. KARYOTYPING = a technique to visualize the chromosomes and number of chromosomes in a dividing cell

  25. HUMAN FEMALE KARYOTYPE

  26. HUMAN MALE KARYOTYPE

  27. DOWN’S SYNDROME KARYOTYPE

  28. COMPARISON OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

  29. NONDISJUNCTION = failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis

  30. FERTILIZATION AFTER NONDISJUNCTION IN AN EGG

  31. Amniocentesis = sampling the amnionic fluid around the fetus for fetal cells

  32. Chorionic Villi Sampling = sampling the placental cells which have the same DNA as fetal cells

  33. KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME (XXY) = due to nondisjunction of sex chromosomes Due to fertilization with an egg or sperm that has an extra X chromosome

  34. TURNER’S SYNDROME (XO) = due to nondisjunction of sex chromosomes Due to fertilization with an egg or sperm lacking an X chromosome

  35. Proteins Perform Most Cell Functions

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