Mitochondria

1. Known as the ‘power producers’ of the cell Provides energy a cell needs to move, divide, produce secretory products, contract Cellular respiration, which is the mitochondria’s main functions is: Glucose + O2 energy +H2O + CO2 Mitochondria use your fat and protein as energy sources Lindsey, Alex and Elektra Mitochondria • Kearns-Sayre syndrome: A neuromuscular disease caused by defects of the DNA in the mitochondria • Leads to: • 1. Heart disease • 2. Degeneration of the retina • 3. Progressive paralysis of certain eye muscles

2. Nucleus & Nucleolus • Function: • controls the hereditary characteristics of an organism (contains DNA) • Storage of proteins and RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the nucleolus • Production of ribosome's (protein factories) in the nucleolus • Structure: • structure of a cell nucleus consists of nuclear membrane (nuclear envelope), nucleoplasm, nucleolus and chromosomes • Diseases: • caused by viral infections, increased nucleolar activity, or simply by congenital mutations affecting the nucleolar proteins • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) • Directs the HIV-1 Rev protein to the nucleus • Down Syndrome • Has an extra chromosome 21

3. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Structure -made up of a network of tubules, sacs, vessels that are interconnected • Function -Protein synthesis -Production of steroids -Production and storage of glycogen Scham, Mitchell, Marika

4. Endoplasmic reticulum storage disease • Mutated protein caused by ingesting toxins • Endoplasmic reticulum creates the mutated protein which can be detrimental to the cell Scham, Mitchell, Marika

5. Ribosomes Where are they found? Because protein synthesis is so important to cells, there are large numbers of ribosomes found throughout cells, often numbering in the hundreds or thousands. Function Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, where RNA is translated into protein. When cells need large numbers of proteins, they must first build numerous ribosomesRibosome Shape Ribosomes are made of two subunits; one larger and one smaller. It is made up of proteins and has a globular shape. This is so that mRNA can pass through during translation. Amirah and Avery

6. Diamond-Blackfan anaemia is a condition where individuals have a low red blood cell count. Red blood cells are needed to transport oxygen round the body. It is an extremely rare condition and it is believed to be with blood cell production in the bone marrow. Scientists concluded that the condition is a ribosomal protein disease. What appears to be happening is that mutations in this gene affect protein synthesis. This affected protein plays an essential role in the manufacture of ribosomes, so loss of function will have serious knock-on effects.

7. Structure Found in plant and animal cells Composed of stacks of cisternae Membrane bound structures 4 functional regions Cis-Golgi network Medial-Golgi Endo-Golgi Trans-Golgi Function Synthesizes different macromolecules Diseases/Conditions Related to Alzheimer's disease Golgi Apparatus Jamie & Abdi

8. LysosomesMichelle Sweeny, Danny Liu Found in eukaryotic cells Main Function-hold a variety of digestive enzymes which digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles and engulfed viruses or bacteria. When food enters the cell, lysosomes break down the nutrients (this process known as autophagy). However, when deprived of nutrients the lysomes engulf surrounding organelles to absorb nutrients. Structure- a spherical organelle that varies in size that isenclosed by a protien based membrane that seperates the remainder of the cell to be seperated by harsh acidic (pH of 4.8) digestive enzymes which are made in the endoplasmic reticulum. Lysosomal Storage Disease- are made up of a group of about 50 metabolic disorders that result from infection in lysosomal function.

9. DISORDERS - Meckel-Gruber Syndrome- inability of centrioles to migrate properly during mitosis or meiosis STRUCTURE - Barrel-shaped cell structure Contain microfilaments and they run throughout the cell and moves chromosomes around during mitosis and meiosis The barrel shape helps the centrioles run throughout the cell and make it easier to move chromosomes due to the length Centrioles

10. Chloroplasts • Chloroplasts are vital organelles located in eukaryotic plant cells that allows the process of photosynthesis to occur. • It has been proven that chloroplasts can be interconnected by tubular bridges known as stromules. Stromules are formed as extensions of the outer plant membrane. A network can be formed via stromules, allowing chloroplasts to exchange proteins throughout the organelle. A disease related to chloroplasts can occur in tomatoe’s thylakoid (part of chloroplast cell structure). During the acclimation of the tomato leaves, a change in leaf and fruit radiance can occur over a period of several days By Maria T, Madeleine H & Chris D

11. Cell Wall • The wall gives cells rigidity and strength, it allows organisms to build and hold their shape. It prevents large, harmful, molecules from entering the cell. It helps to retain water in plant cells. • The composition, properties, and shape of the cell wall may change during the cell cycle and depend on growth conditions. • Some antibiotics target the bacterial cell wall to interfere with essential bacterial enzymes and this destroys the cell wall. Will, Hannah, Allison

12. Cell Junctions Cell junctions play an important role in maintaining the quality of tissues in multicellular organisms and some, if not all of them, are involved in signal transduction. The tight junction, on the top right, is shaped like a wall, acting as a barrier so that material cannot pass between two interacting cells. The gap junction, on the bottom right, has a gap between the membrane of contacting cells so that the cytoplasm of the two is connected. Diseases: Defects in cell junctions can result in heart diseases such as cardiomyopathy, a defect in the heart muscle leading to an irregular heart beat and, eventually, muscle failure. It has also been linked to Autism and Hailey-Hailey Disease.

13. Funtion: Carries information throughout the body by using nerve impulses Axons carry information away from the body Dendrites carry information to the body Organelles: ribosome and rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER responsible for protein production and packaging Mitochondria Golgi Apparatus Nerve cells

14. Epithelial cells Epithelial cells join together to form epithelial membranes or tissue. At times called the epithelium, these sheets cover the outer surface of the body, helping create the form the body, as well as line body cavities. The major function of epethilial tissue is to line and protect vital cells in the body. The single largest example of this is the upper layers of the skin. These are layered cells which are designed to keep the body protected from pathogens. These cells are also involved in filtration, secretion, and absorption.

15. Organelles in the Epithelial Cell The structures in the Epithelial cell are the same as that of a animal cell. The Nucleus is the largest organelle in the cell. It's main responsibility is overall control and management of the cell. Next is the Endoplasmic Reticulum, which synthesizes fatty acids and phospholipids, and the proteins of the plasma membrane. Lysosomes are in charge of the destruction of obsolete parts of the cell

16. Bone Cells • There are four different kinds of bone cells:-Osteogenic Cells: responsible for trauma response -Osteoblasts: responsible for bone repair, and bone formation-Osterocytes: maintain metabolism plus waste exchange through the blood-Osteoclasts: recycling bone material Scham, Mitchell, Marika

17. Bone Cells-Important organelles in the cell • Lots of rough endoplasmic reticulum • Golgi apparatus Scham, Mitchell, Marika

18. Also known as ‘erythrocytes’ They’re ovular shaped for max. surface area (SA) It is the most abundant blood cell in the body Transport O2, CO2, nutrients and waste in the blood throughout the body Red Blood Cells Sickle Cell Anemia • Red blood cells form an abnormal crescent shape caused by abnormal type of hemoglobin • Shape limits the amount of O2 provided to the body • Genetic • Some symptoms include: fever, fatigue, rapid heart rate chest pains and paleness Lindsey, Alex and Elektra

19. IMPORTANT ORGANELLES- Lysosomes - helps white blood cells digest unwanted bacteria and viruses. Neucleus – The “brain” of the cell, helps it perform its function properly.\ STRUCTURE - No definite shape, irregular, bumpy, white spheres (most common) Larger compared to other cells Their large shape allows them to easily digest smaller invading bacteria. White Blood Cells

20. Striated Muscle Cells Michelle Sweeny, Danny Liu Main Function- One of three major muscle types. Made up of individual muscle fibers, controls heat regulation, movement, support and muscle tone (also known as skeletal muscle). It is also responsible for maintaining the posture stabilizing the joints and producing body heat by muscle function. Structure- It is composed by many small fibers which are formed from even smaller mono nucleated cells. The muscle has a striated pattern, which results from abundances of certain types of protein present in the muscle.

21. Structure Found in heart Cells are joined end-to-end Each cell has a single nucleus Function Responsible for pumping blood through the heart chambers into the blood vessels Important Organelles Intercellular junction called “Intercalated disc” Nuclei Cardiac muscle cells Jamie & Abdi

22. Phloem • A type of tissue that transports sugars in vascular plants • Plays a minor role in structural support • Since the phloem extends throughout the entire plant sugars can be transported easily • Related Organelles: Sieve tube cells-no nucleus, thin cytoplasm, and few organelles Companion cells- contains a nucleus, organelles and very dense cytoplasm full of nutrients. Will, Hannah, Allison

23. The long treachery elements that transport water are the most distinctive elements that can be found in xylem cells. Tracheids and vessel elements are recognized by the spots that appear on inner and outer walls of the vessel. The connection between these vessel elements are referred to as vessels. Xylem The tubular structure of the xylem aids in its main function; transporting water and mineral nutrients from the roots throughout the plant. It also allows water flow back to replenish plants after they undergo both photosynthesis and transpiration. • Xylem is commonly found in: • in the roots of woody and non-woody plants • vascular plants • i.e. ferns, clubmosses and flowering plants By Maria T, Madeleine H & Chris D

24. Parenchyma Cells Parenchyma cells are thin-walled cells of the ground tissue that make up the bulk of majority of nonwoody structures, but sometimes their cell walls can be lignified. Parenchyma cells in the middle of the epidermis and pericycle in a root or shoot constitute the cortex, and are used for storage of food.