1 / 47

What was the question for which heliocentrism was the answer?

What was the question for which heliocentrism was the answer?. How did it happen that Copernicus’ ideas became gradually accepted and eventually led to a change in world-view?. Scientific Revolutions: Historical Perspective .

tyme
Télécharger la présentation

What was the question for which heliocentrism was the answer?

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. What was the question for which heliocentrism was the answer? How did it happen that Copernicus’ ideas became gradually accepted and eventually led to a change in world-view?

  2. Scientific Revolutions: Historical Perspective  The fall of the Aristotelian Worldview: Printing Press, Renaissance Humanism, Protestant Reformation

  3. Johannes Gutenberg(1395 –1468)

  4. 1450

  5. Machine-printed, hand-painted Gutenberg Bible

  6. Biblia Latina (Venice, 1475)

  7. Al RaziTreatise of medecinetr. Gerard de Cremona Second half of 13th century

  8. Renaissance Humanism (S. XIV-XV) • Aim: creating a citizenry able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity, and thus capable of engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous actions. Vida Activa (as opposedto Vita Contemplativa) StudiaHumanitatis

  9. Renaissance Humanism StudiaHumanitatis Trivium: GrammaticRhetoricLogic Quadrivium: ArithmeticGeometryAstronomyMusic

  10. Trivium: GrammaticRhetoricLogic Marcus Tullius Cicero(43-106 AD)

  11. Renaissance Humanism (S. XIV-XV)

  12. Renaissance Humanism (S. XIV-XV)

  13. Renaissance Humanism (S. XIV-XV)

  14. Hermes Trismegistus Hermetic Tradition

  15. Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499) Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494)

  16. MarsilioFicino (1433-1499) Translations into Latin: Plato Hermetic Corpus Neo-Platonic Tradition Astrology and Occultism

  17. Giovanni Pico dellaMirandola (1463-1494) Magic – Occultism – Opposition to Astrology Disputationesadversusastrologiamdivinatricem (1496)

  18. Giovanni Pico dellaMirandola (1463-1494) Disputationesadversusastrologiamdivinatricem (1496) Main Motivation: the conflict of astrology with Christian notions of free will. Main Argument: Astronomy cannot determine correctly the order of planets (Mercury and Venus). The ordering is fundamental for astrology.

  19. Main Argument: Astronomy cannot determine correctly the order of planets (Mercury and Venus). • From a central Earth, one can only measure the direction of a planet, not its distance. • Ptolemy assumed that the longer a planet appeared to take in completing its celestial circuit the further away it must be. • This rule is problematic in the cases of Mercury and Venus, because each takes, on the average, the same time for its circuit: one year, the same time as that needed by the Sun.

  20. Main Argument: Astronomy cannot determine correctly the order of planets (Mercury and Venus). • The difficulty was mentioned by Ptolemy in the Almagest • It was also explained by Peuerbach in the Epitome of the Almagest

  21. Pico’s criticism (1496) and the crisis of astrology. Motivation: Conflict of astrology with Christian notions of free will. Argument: Problem with the ordering of planets. Why it became so important to reply to him? Historical Context: 1347-1351: Black Death in Europe 1453: Constantinople fell to the Ottomans 1494-95: French invasion of Italy

  22. Pico’s criticism (1496) and the crisis of astrology. Historical Context: 1453: Constantinople fell to the Ottomans 1494-95: French invasion of Italy 1496: Copernicus arrives in Bologna to study Canon Law

  23. Domenico Maria Novara (1454-1504)

  24. An outline of the basic practices of Astrology Ptolemy’s TetrabiblosPublished 1484 A philosophical defense of the field

  25. “Scientific Renaissance” Egypt  Greece  Arabs (just translation)  Latin World  We The central motto of humanism as adopted in science: “Decay and Renewal”

  26. “Scientific Renaissance” • Johannes Müller von Königsberg– Regiomontanus(1436-1476) • Oratio Introductoria in OmnesScientiasMathematicas(1464) God  Babylonians  Jews  Egypt  Greece  Arabs (just translation)  Latin World  We Continuity and stability (not change) through history

  27. De revolutionibusorbiumcoelestium 1543 Preface and Dedication to Pope Paul III I began to grow disgusted that no more consistent scheme of the movements of the mechanism of the universe, set up for our benefit by that best and most law abiding Architect of all things, was agreed upon by philosophers who otherwise investigate so carefully the most minute details of this world. Wherefore I undertook the task of rereading the books of all the philosophers I could get access to, to see whether anyone ever was of the opinion that the motions of the celestial bodies were other than those postulated by the men who taught mathematics in the schools.

  28. De revolutionibus orbium coelestium(על הסיבובים של הגופים השמימיים) 1543 Dedication to Pope Paul III And I found first, indeed, in Cicero, that Hicetas perceived that the Earth moved; and afterward in Plutarch I found that some others were of this opinion. Taking this as a starting point, I began to consider the mobility of the Earth; and although the idea seemed absurd, yet because I knew that the liberty had been granted to others before me to postulate all sorts of little circles for explaining the phenomena of the stars, I thought I also might easily be permitted to try whether by postulating some motion of the Earth, more reliable conclusions could be reached regarding the revolution of the heavenly bodies, than those of my predecessors.

  29. De humanicorporisfabrica 1543 Preface and Dedication to To the Divine Charles V, the Mightiest and Most Unvanquished Emperor It was my thought that this branch of natural philosophy should be recalled from the dead so that even if we treated it less perfectly than the ancient professors of anatomy, it should be good enough that no one would ever be ashamed to declare that our science of anatomy could be compared with the ancient one; and that in this present era nothing so fallen to ruin had been so soon restored to health as Anatomy.

  30. When ... I asked myself why was it then that the earliest philosophers would admit to the study of wisdom only those who had studied mathematics, as if this science were the easiest of all and the one most necessary for preparing and disciplining the mind to comprehend the more advanced, I suspected that they had knowledge of a certain mathematical science different from that of our times. . . . Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

  31. I believe I find some traces of these true mathematics in Pappus and Diophantus, who, although they are not of extreme antiquity, lived nevertheless in times long preceding ours. But I willingly believe that these writers themselves, by a culpable ruse, suppressed the knowledge of them; like some artisans who conceal their secret, they feared, perhaps, that the ease and simplicity of their method, if become popular, would diminish its importance, and they preferred to make themselves admired by leaving to us, as the product of their art, certain barren truths deduced with subtlety, rather than to teach us that art itself, the knowledge of which would end our admiration. — descartes, Rules for the Direction of the Mind, trans. H. A. P. Torrey, pp. 70, 71. Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

  32. De humanicorporisfabrica 1543 Preface and Dedication to To the Divine Charles V, the Mightiest and Most Unvanquished Emperor It was my thought that this branch of natural philosophy should be recalled from the dead so that even if we treated it less perfectly than the ancient professors of anatomy, it should be good enough that no one would ever be ashamed to declare that our science of anatomy could be compared with the ancient one; and that in this present era nothing so fallen to ruin had been so soon restored to health as Anatomy.

  33. De humani corporis fabrica(On the fabric of the human body) 1543 Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

  34. De humani corporis fabrica(On the fabric of the human body) 1543 Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

  35. Jan Steven van Calcar (1499- 1546) De humani corporis fabrica(על מבנהו ותפקודו של גוף האדם)

  36. “Scientific Renaissance” Egypt  Greece  Arabs (just translation)  Latin World  We Alchemy

  37. Protestant Reformation Martin Luther(1483-1546) Jean Calvin(1509-1564)

  38. Protestant Reformation 1517- 95 Theses Martin Luther(1483-1546) Protest against the sale of indulgences. “Freedom from God's punishment for sin can’t be purchased with money”

  39. Protestant Reformation 1517- 95 Theses Martin Luther(1483-1546) “Meaning is in the Text!”

  40. Max Weber The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904-05) Protestant work ethic was a main force behind the development of capitalism. Capitalism in developed in Northern Europe when Protestant ethic influenced large numbers of people to engage in work in the secular world, in trade and in the accumulation of wealth for investment.

  41. Rober K. Merton Science, Technology and Society in 17th-Century England  (1936) English scientists of the 17t century were predominantly Puritans or other Protestants. Hence, the popularity of science in England at the time, and the religious demography of the Royal Society can be explained by a correlation between Protestantism and the scientific values.

  42. Catholic Counter-Reformation Council of Trent (1545–1563)  Thirty Years' War (1648) Company of Jesus (1540)

  43. Christopher Clavius(1538-1612)

  44. Mateo Ricci – XuGuangqi (1607)

  45. Scientific Revolutions: Historical Perspective  The fall of the Aristotelian Worldview: Printing Press, Renaissance Humanism, Protestant Reformation

More Related