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Revolution Action And Partition

Revolution Action And Partition. India’s Quest for Home Rule. Indian National Congress founded 1885, to promote self-rule Initial support from both Hindus and Muslims Original position in favor or collaboration with British, after World War I moved to opposition

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Revolution Action And Partition

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  1. Revolution Action And Partition

  2. India’s Quest for Home Rule • Indian National Congress founded 1885, to promote self-rule • Initial support from both Hindus and Muslims • Original position in favor or collaboration with British, after World War I moved to opposition • British encouraged development of Muslim League (1906) to blunt Congress • Woodrow Wilson, Lenin inspirations to movement

  3. Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948) • Hindu, studied law in London, practiced in South Africa • Opposed apartheid • Returned to India 1915, made Indian National Congress into a mass movement • Titled Mahatma: “great soul” • Opposed caste system

  4. Gandhi

  5. Gandhi’s Passive Resistance • Ahimsa: non-violence • Satyagraha: passive resistance (“truth and firmness”) • Non-cooperation Movement (1920-1922) • Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) • Boycott of British Institutions • Armritsar Massacre (1919)

  6. Modern Satygraha

  7. The Government of India Act (1937) • Creation of autonomous legislature • 600 nominally sovereign princes refuse to cooperate • Muslim fears of Hindu dominance • Traditional economic divide • Especially severe with Great Depression • Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) proposes partition, creation of the State of Pakistan

  8. Decolonization in Asia

  9. India • The Jewel of the Crown • Legacy of British colonialism • Deep division between Hindus, Muslims • Role of Mohandas Gandhi

  10. “Vivisection” of India (Gandhi) • Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League • Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress Party • 1947 partition • 500,000 killed • 10 million refugees • India moves toward nonalignment position • The “third path”

  11. Muslims leave India, 1947

  12. Indian Democracy • Indian democracy flourishes under Indira Ghandi (1917-1984) • Daughter of Nehru, no relationship to Mohandas • “Green Revolution” increases agricultural yields • Repressive policies to slow population growth, including forced sterilization • Assassinated by Sikh bodyguards after attack on Sikh extremists in Amritsar, 1984

  13. The Issue of Palestine • After World War II, Arab states increasingly gain independence • Palestine ruled by Great Britain between the wars • Proclaims support for Jewish “homeland” in Palestine (Balfour Declaration, 1917) • Growing Jewish immigration from Europe from 1880s --connected to what Ism?? • Arab protests in 1920s and 1930s

  14. Demonstration against the Balfour Declaration

  15. Creation of the State of Israel • Jewish, Arab pressure drives British to hand Palestine over to United Nations for a resolution • Partition Plan of 1947 divides Palestine into seven regions: 3 Jewish, 3 Arab, Jerusalem internationalized • May 1948 Jews declare independence of State of Israel • Arab states (Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq) invade, Israel successfully defends itself

  16. The Six-Day War (June 1967) • Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt, 1918-1970) takes leadership position in Arab world • Attempts to block Suez traffic, conflict with Israel • Threatens invasion of Israel in 1967, Israel launches hugely successful pre-emptive strike • Conquers and annexes East Jerusalem, Golan Heights • Conquers Sinai Desert, returned to Egypt after peace treaty signed • Conquers Gaza Strip and West Bank, status unresolved

  17. Muslim Revival and Arab Disunity • Cold war splits Arab-Muslim world • Israel defeats Egypt and Syria in 1973 Yom Kippur war • Attacked on Jewish holy day • Anwar Sadat (Egypt, 1918-1981) negotiates peace treaty with Israel • Assassinated 1981 by Muslim extremists (Similar to what other compromising leader?)

  18. The Arab-Israeli conflict, 1949-1982

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