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The Human Reproductive System

The Human Reproductive System. Female and Male Reproductive Systems. Haploid gametes. Fertilization. Baby. Sex Hormones. Estrogen & progesterone. Hormones:. Testosterone (androgen). Reproductive Organs: ovaries & testes. Sexual behavior and drives. Growth & dev. of

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The Human Reproductive System

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  1. The Human Reproductive System

  2. Female and Male Reproductive Systems Haploid gametes Fertilization Baby

  3. Sex Hormones Estrogen & progesterone Hormones: Testosterone (androgen) Reproductive Organs: ovaries & testes Sexual behavior and drives Growth & dev. of other organs

  4. Male ReproductiveStructures and Functions

  5. EXTERNAL STRUCTURES 1. Scrotum > paired sac of testes and epididymis > to lower temperature by 1- 2°C

  6. 2. Penis - male organ: urethra and passage of sperm • Regions: • Shaft • Glans penis (enlarged tip) • Prepuce (foreskin): circumcision

  7. The Penis shaft Glans penis prepuce 7

  8. Male Sexual Response: Erection • Enlargement and stiffening of penis • PNS: nitric oxide blood Disease: diabetes Impotence Psychological/ emotional

  9. Impotence Physical Psychological/ emotional • Diseases: • Vascular • Diabetes • Nervous: spinal cord • Smoking & alcoholism • Depressed • Stressed

  10. INTERNAL STRUCTURES • Testes • Seminiferous tubules: sperm cells • Testosterone: dev’t of sex organ and secondary sexual characteristics ( beard growth, deepening of voice and muscle dev’t)

  11. The Testes 11 Figure 28.3a

  12. 2. Epididymis • Highly coiled tube connecting testis and vas deferens • maturation and temporary storage of sperm cells (at least 20 days) • Muscle contraction Slide 16.5

  13. 3. Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens) • Carries sperm to ejaculatory duct then to urethra Vasectomy: sterility (loss of ability to have kids)

  14. 3. Seminal Vesicles • Accessory gland to the vas deferens • Produces 60% of semen: • Fructose (energy) • Vitamin C • Prostaglandins (affect uterus) • Alkaline

  15. 4. Prostate Gland • At the base of the urethra • Alkaline fluid (stimulating effect)

  16. 5. Bulbourethral Glands • Below prostate gland • Mucous fluid (lubrication)

  17. Path of Sperm from Body Seminal fluid added by • seminal • vesicle Ejaculactory duct • prostate • gland Vas deferens • bulbo- • urethral • gland 17 Urethra

  18. Female ReproductiveStructures and Functions

  19. Female ReproductiveStructures and Functions 1. Ovaries - sex organs: eggs (28 days) - hormones: estrogen (dev’t of organ and secondary sexual characteristics like breast dev.) and progesterone (lining/endometrium of uterus)

  20. Female ReproductiveStructures and Functions 2. Fallopian tube/oviduct - tube connecting ovaries to uterus

  21. Female ReproductiveStructures and Functions 3. Uterus/womb - lining: endometrium - where fertilized egg is implanted

  22. Female ReproductiveStructures and Functions 4. Cervix - muscular ring at the end of the uterus protruding into the vagina

  23. Female ReproductiveStructures and Functions 5. Vagina or Birth Canal - elastic muscular tube leading to the outside - passage of baby during childbirth

  24. MENSTRUAL CYCLE

  25. ANIMATION OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE • A • B MORE ON REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • a • b

  26. Extra Notes Unlike in males, eggs are not produced. Instead they develop from immature diploid eggs called oocytes into mature haploid gametes called ova or eggs. The female is born already full of immature eggs, and only start to develop mature ones at puberty.

  27. Extra Notes Along with it as a result of hormones, the female reproductive cycle starts. This has two parts. The ovarian cycle develops and releases mature eggs, while the menstrual cycle prepares the lining of the uterus, endometrium, for carrying fertilized eggs in the future.

  28. Ovarian Cycle • Production of estrogen and progesterone • Ovulation: release of ovum

  29. Uterine Cycle • Menstrual period (day 1-5) - low sex hormones - flow of blood 2. Proliferative phase (day 6-13) - estrogen production: thickening of endometrium

  30. Uterine Cycle 3. Ovulation (day 14) - release of ovum 4. Secretory phase (day 15-28) - progesterone production: thickening of endometrium

  31. Non-STD Disorders Prostate Cancer- abnormality in the prostate gland that can lead to death. Sometimes, urination is also affected by this. Ectopic Pregnancy- The fertilized egg is implanted on the fallopian tube instead of the uterus. This should be fixed immediately.

  32. Non-STD Disorders Cervical Cancer, Ovarian Cancer- Abnormality in the mentioned area. Any of these can be life threatening. Endometriosis- Parts of the endometrium migrate outside the uterus; blood cannot get out when the normal bleeding occurs. This causes intense abdominal pain.

  33. Non-STD Disorders Infertility (male and female) There can be many reasons for this. The sperm amount in some men may be too small, or the sperm is too weak to survive. Some women do not ovulate at all because of hormone imbalance. Also, if the fallopian tube is injured, it can block the egg from entering the uterus.

  34. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Caused by bacteria: • Syphilis • Gonorrhea • Chlamydia These STD can lead to infertility. Gonorrhea and Chlamydia can lead to PID for women (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)

  35. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Caused by virus: • HIV- causes AIDS, the most deadly STD; no cures have been found yet. • Herpes virus- causes genital pains that go on and off. • Papilloma virus- causes genital warts, abnormal growths in the genital areas.

  36. Links For more info, visit these URLs: REPRODUCTION • http://science.howstuffworks.com/human-reproduction6.htm FERTILIZATION &EMBRYOLOGY • http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/embryo_DevelopmentalStages.asp • http://loudoun.nv.cc.va.us/vetonline/vet111/embryologyr/embryo.htm

  37. Links • For more info, visit these URLs: • MENSTRUATION: • http://www.fwhc.org/health/moon.htm • Also check these out: • www.sirinet.net • www.emc.maricopa.edu

  38. Female Infertility • Ovulatory problems (hormonal, stress-related) • Cervical factors • Pelvic and tubal factors • Uterine factors

  39. Male Infertility • Exposure to chemicals • Microbial infections • Testicular injury • Genetic or embryonic disorders • Hormonal & other medical illnesses • Nervous injuries • Varicocoel

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