Preliminary Assessment Alternative Stoves Options for a Green Awassa

1. Preliminary Assessment Alternative Stoves Options for a Green Awassa Daniel Baker, Juan Merino and Alison Murphy 3/6/06

2. Stove Group Draft Goals and Objectives Goal: To assist our community partners in reducing deforestation, promoting environmental health and improving quality of life in Ethiopia. Objectives: 1) Identify alternative, efficient cook stoves. Portfolio of stoves, bio-digesters (and composting outhouses) 2) Document barriers to adoption/best practices for adoption 3) Identify grants that fund cook stove projects 4) Identify alternative methods 5) Gather history of stove use and projects (interview process) 6) Participate in the ateliers 7) Conduct preliminary ecological economic cost/benefit analysis 8) Write up project findings

3. Traditional Cooking Methods �Cooking injera Ethiopia�s staple flat bread is one of the most inefficient forms of energy use in the world� -Mike Bess Energy for Sustainable Development (ESD) Designers of the Mitre Stove

4. Injera Baking injera accounts for 80% of energy consumption in households. Just to make injera, the average Ethiopian family burns 20 kgs of wood. Because injera is such a large part of their diet, any alternative cooking method must take into account its unique requirements

6. Criteria for a Successful Stove Must be able to heat up quickly and to a high temperature Must accommodate the large ceramic plate on which injera is cooked Be more appealing than current stoves Reduce burns Reduce smoke inhalation

7. Some advantages of open-fire (aka 3 stone) stoves

8. Alternative Stove Options Stoves options considered by Function Only stoves intended for HH Food Production considered here Portable or Stationary Fuel Type Emissions and Waste Products Degree of complexity in manufacture Locally produced or imported Cost Up front Operating Fuel Efficiency Replacement Parts Evidence of overall affordability History of use and appeal

9. Solid Fuel Stoves Wood Charcoal Agricultural Waste and By-Products Other Biomass

10. Lorena Stoves Household Food Production Stationary Fuel Type: Wood Emissions and Waste Products Degree of complexity in manufacture Locally produced or imported Cost Up front Operating Fuel Efficiency Reduced due to heat loss through stove mass Reduced through poor fire-to-pot interface Replacement Parts Evidence of overall affordability History of use and appeal Developed in Guatemala. Design published in 1979. Modified in many ways and many countries

11. The Plancha Household Cooking Stove Stationary with chimney Wood Fuel Emissions Reduced indoor air particulates compared to open fires Locally Produced Steel imported All other materials and labor local Cost $100 to $150 Too high for most rural families: often subsidized by NGO Fuel efficiency not significantly better, and may be worse, than open fire in traditional plancha design. Addition of baffle reduced wood use to 39% less than open fire. Cooking time is no better, and may be worse, than open fires Developed over past 20 years. New designs introduced in 1995. A version of the Lorena? Supported by NGO�s

12. Rocket Stove Household Cookstove Semi-Portable Fuel Type: Wood (other?) Emissions - Emissions reduction from improved combustion Locally Produced Ceramic stove Cost (Honduras) is $8 to produce, sold for $10 Can be made from a variety of materials, including scavenged Operating Efficiency? Insulated firebox (= insulated chimney?) Good fire-to-pot interface Without skirt about as efficient as a open fire With skirt, efficiency greatly increased Rocket-type stoves are used world-wide Popularity and Appeal � Certainly very popular when measured in terms of dispersion of design and innovation Used in 20 countries over past 13 years

13. Examples of Rocket Stoves

14. Estufa Justo Stove Combines some design features from La Plancha and the Rocket Stoves Household Stove Stationary Wood Fuel Emissions Chimney stove Thin metal griddle may/may not have holes for pots Degree of complexity in manufacture Locally produced or imported Cost Aprovecho claims material cost to build is $25-$35. Operating Fuel Efficiency Insulated Stove body Can be increased by design modifications E.g. open pot holes, gasketed pot holes, narrower griddle 25-50% increase in efficiency compared to Lorena Replacement Parts Evidence of overall affordability History of use and appeal Part of the evolution of Latin American alternative stove designs Open holes for pots increases efficiency but soot may conflict with cultural preferences

15. Estufo Justo Stove

16. Kenya Ceramic Jiko Stove Household Use Portable Charcoal Fuel Fabricated and distributed by same artisans who produce traditional stoves Cost (1989) from $2.50 to $15.00 Variations on design have efficiencies of 36% to 45%. Other variations have been made for Ethiopia, the �Laketch�, which saves 20% in fuel compared to traditional Supported by World Bank and National Government Programs E.g. 600,000 stoves in Kenya Similar stoves in Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia 20,000 Laketch stoves in Ethiopia A variation (?) in Rwanda, the Rondereza, widely adopted (25% of HH in capital adopted within 3 years

17. Mirte Stoves Function HH Stove specific for injera Semi-portable Multi-Fuel Multi-Fuel (wood, sawdust, coffee husks. No dung) Efficiency Mirte stoves reduce household biomass consumption by 50%. Built locally/Job Creating Local Materials sand or volcanic pumice mixed with cement Standard production through use of steel molds Production can be scaled up or down Local artisans or larger scale facilities Up front cost They cost about US$5 to produce History Developed in the mid-90�s from a combined effort between the World Band and the Ministry of Mines and Energy. Later funding from British DFID Two years after mitre stoves were introduced, 100% of the stoves used for large-scale food production were still being used. Nearly 50,000 stoves have been sold since mid-1995. Commercial production of these stoves employs almost 100 people in Ethiopia.

18. Eritrea ERTC StoveAshden Award Winner

19. Solar Cookstoves A wide variety of types and designs:

20. Biogas Biodigesters

21. Biogas Digesters Household Food Production Most common at larger scales Need 6 cows per small digester (FAO) Reduced emissions compared to wood fuel Polyethylene bag must be purchased Payback periods may be too long Some cultural objections to use of human excrement Reported to be more enjoyable to cook with gas compared to wood Utility varies with food being cooked Better for rapid, short-time foods Better heat control compared to wood

22. Preliminary Ideas for Evaluation of Alternative Stove Options Financial Costs Up Front Operating Payback Periods Economic Impact Job Creation Direct Indirect Ecological Impact Direct Fuel Type & Use Fuel Efficiency Indirect Cultural Reception Ease of use/learning Similarity to existing practices Cooking quality Dependency/Vulnerability Local Manufacture Imported materials needed Gender Impact Equity Impact History / Empirical Confidence Institutional Analysis

23. Next Presentation Factors for success or failure in stove projects Measuring Impact & Evaluating Alternatives Funding Options Grants Credit Options