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ADVERBS AND THE AdvP. PRACTICE CLASS #3 (#4) 2012-03-13. Today …. … is the day when we finish (off) adverbs and adjectives!. WHAT WE FAILED TO DO LAST WEEK. PAGE 108 – exercise 14. FIRST. LAST. HIGH. IN A SILLY WAY / MANNER. EARLY. LATE. IN A MOTHERLY WAY. MORE CLEARLY.
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ADVERBS AND THE AdvP PRACTICE CLASS #3 (#4) 2012-03-13
PAGE 108 – exercise 14 FIRST LAST HIGH IN A SILLY WAY / MANNER EARLY LATE IN A MOTHERLY WAY MORE CLEARLY
PAGE 106 – exercise 11 (a,b,c,d) The Stock Exchange reacted quite calmly. These almonds taste bitter. She smiled bitterly. To a European, Chinese sounds strange.
PAGE 106 – exercise 11 (e,f,g,h) You acted in a cowardly way/manner. Her mother had slapped her hard. She walks in an ugly way/manner. The sports committee meets monthly / once a month / on a monthly basis.
PAGE 107 – exercise 11 (i,j,k,l) She glanced at me slyly. The play impressed me considerably. He approaches the subject less scientifically. Bob works much harder than Tom.
page 109 – exercise 18 (a-c) The lecturer spoke too fast for me to (be able to) take notes. The subject is too difficult for us to go into (it) now. Better: It is too difficult a subjet for us to go into now. Helen is too outspoken for most people to like her.
page 109 – exercise 18 (d-f) He was old enough to be her father. She was honest enough not to try to deny all responsibility for the accident. Would you be kind enough to book a room for me?
INVERSIONS: locative and negative THEORY AND PRACTICE
LOCATIVE INVERSION • LOCATIVE INVERSION is mainly limited to: • Adverbials of place • Verbs such as BE, COME, GO, SIT, LIE, STAND • LOCATIVE INVERSION is used to put FOCUS on the subject, which is the most important part of the sentence. ADVERBIAL +VERB +SUBJECT Here comes the taxi In the town square stands the market hall Up went the prices
NEGATIVE INVERSION • To EMPHASIZE A NEGATIVE, we can place it AT THE FRONT OF THE CLAUSE. However, this triggers an obligatory change of word order, i.e. inversion: She at no time mentioned her earlier marriage. →At no time did she mention her earlier marriage. He hasn’t once offered to help. → Not once has he offered to help.
NEGATIVE INVERSION 2 special cases • SCARCELY & HARDLY vs. NO SOONER Scarcely / hardly + PAST PERFECT, WHEN + SIMPLE PAST Scarcely had I arrived at the station when the train came in. Scarcely had I passed from them, when I found her whom my soul loveth. No sooner + PAST PERFECT, THAN + SIMPLE PAST No sooner had I put the phone down than it rang again. No sooner had I left the house than it started raining.
PAGE 110 – exercise 19 (a-d) Never have I met such a man. On no account should you sign the document. Only later did I realize what happened. Seldom does she invite us to her place.
PAGE 110 – exercise 19 (e-h) So terrified was I that I tried to hide under my umbrella. Bang went the starter’s gun and off went the runners at a good pace. No other person would I give this to. Well do I remember Plunger’s look when Ken passed him ten…
PAGE 110 – exercise 19 (i-l) So old was the document that we didn’t dare to touch it. Only in the country can one get really fresh vegetables. Along the road came Jim. On a hill outside the town stands the castle.
PAGE 110 – exercise 20 (a-d) do I come home in the evening, than I switch on the TV. did Jane give him the use of her flat, but she lent him… did we know what she was planning at that time. had I paid for the gadget, when I regretted spending so…
PAGE 111 – exercise 20 (e-h) had they made the announcement, than prices began to rise. had all my money disappeared, but my clothes had gone as well. did she say. in a thousand years would I go there.
PAGE 111 – exercise 20 (f-h) had they made the announcement, than prices began to rise. had all my money disappeared, but my clothes had gone as well. did she say. in a thousand years would I go there.
PAGE 111 – exercise 20 (i-l) until he apologizes will I go. hangs a plastic chandelier. had he lain down, than he heard a strange noise. had I gone to bed, when the phone started ringing.
PAGE 111 – exercise 20 (m-n) he reached the front door, did he discover that he had lost… would I doubt his integrity.
Comparative – for comparison between 2 persons, items etc. Superlative – for comparison between more than 2 persons, items, etc. Basis of comparison – either overt or implied Ana is cleverer/more clever than Jane (is). John is the politest of the students. Comparison of sufficiency: enough, so/such…that She was tall enough to play basketball. To a lower degree: less & least The problem is less difficult than the previous one. COMPARISON OF ADJs & ADVs:semantic analysis Comparison of excess: too, so/such…that She was too tall to play table tennis. To the same degree: as/so…as John is as old as his girlfriend. Bill doesn’t study as hard as Jane.
STRUCTURES USED TO EXPRESS COMPARISON • Adjective Phrase with complementation: • AP=A+PP John is as tall as Peter. • AP=A+clause John is as tall as Peter is. • Adverb Phrase with complementation: • AdvP=AdvP+PP I can play tennis much better than Joe. • AdvP=AdvP+cl I play tennis much better than he ever will. • Noun Phrases with complementation: • NP=Q+N+PP I have more friends than Bill. • NP=Q+N+cl I have more friends than Bill does. • Comparative clauses are complement clauses of ADJs, ADVs and Ns used for expressing comparison: I love you AdvP [more than you think]. He is not AP [as clever as she is]. She has NP [more friends than you can imagine].
page 109 – exercise 17 (a-c) Comparison of equivalence – to the same extent AP Structure: AP = A + Clause Comparison of non-equivalence – to a higher degree AdvP Structure: AdvP = Adv + PP Comparison of non-equivalence – to a higher degree NP Structure: NP=Q+N+PP
page 109 – exercise 17 (d-f) Comparison of non-equivalence – to a higher degree AdvP Structure: AdvP = Adv + Clause Comparison of non-equivalence – comparison of sufficiency AP Structure: AP = A + Adv + Clause Comparison of non-equivalence – comparison of excess NP Structure: NP = discontinuous AP + Det + N dicontinuous AP = Adv + A + Clause
page 109 – exercise 17 (g-i) Comparison of non-equivalence – comparison of excess AdvP Structure: AdvP = Adv + Adv + Clause Comparison of equivalence NOTE: negated comparison of equiv. AdvP Structure: AdvP = Adv + PP Comparison of non-equivalence – to a higher degree NP Structure: Q + N + Clause
SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF ADVERBS (pg. 99) ADVERBIAL: He speaks slowly. MODIFIER: extremely slow very slowly rather a mess straight through the wall over ten victims COMPLEMENT OF PREPOSITION: over here till then from inside
INDEPENDENT ADVERBS = ADVERBIALS ADVERBIALS INTEGRATED into the CLAUSE STRUCTURE PERIPHERAL in the CLAUSE STRUCTURE Primarily NON-LINKING: Provide speaker’s comment Primarily LINKING: connect sentences ADJUNCTS DISJUNCTS CONJUNCTS I sent Ross a personal invitation. He will therefore be there tomorrow. Ross is behavingnaturally. Naturally, Ross is behaving.
PAGE 108 – exercise 13 (a-k) DISJUNCT Modifier of AdvP /ADJUNCT CONJUNCT Modifier of NP Modifier of PP Modifier of AP ADJUNCT ADJUNCT Modifier of AP Modifier of AP Modifier of NP
PAGE 108 – exercise 13 (l-q) Modifier of PP DISJUNCT Modifier of AP Modifier of AP Modifier of NP (such [lovely weather]) OR Modifier of AP ([such lovely] weather) Modifier of NP ADJUNCT / Modifier of AP
THE END Actually, to be continued…
