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Algorithmic Concepts INFSY 307 Class Notes

Algorithmic Concepts INFSY 307 Class Notes. School of Business Administration Penn State Harrisburg Spring 2003. INTRODUCTION. Course Syllabus Found on Angel at cms.psu.edu Instructor. Computer Systems. Hardware physical machines Software collection of programs Program

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Algorithmic Concepts INFSY 307 Class Notes

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  1. Algorithmic ConceptsINFSY 307Class Notes School of Business Administration Penn State Harrisburg Spring 2003

  2. INTRODUCTION • Course Syllabus • Found on Angel at cms.psu.edu • Instructor

  3. Computer Systems • Hardware • physical machines • Software • collection of programs • Program • a set of instructions for a computer to follow

  4. Hardware • Classes of computers • Microcomputers • Mainframes • Network - any number of computers connected to share resources

  5. Hardware

  6. Hardware • Main Memory/RAM • numbered location (P.O. boxes) called address • where computer places instructions or data during operation • information is stored in binary (1’s and 0’s) • one digit with a value of 1 or 0 is called a binary digitor a bit • eight bits in memory is called a byte

  7. Review • Information is represented as __’s and __’s? • Associated with the above is a memory location or ________? • Each memory location is further divided into ________? • Characters are represented in ________ format.

  8. Hardware • Secondary Memory • used to keep permanent records • a.k.a. secondary storage, auxiliary memory, auxiliary storage, external memory, external storage • files • hard disks, diskettes, tape drives, CD-ROM

  9. Hardware • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • coordinates computer operations • executes instructions in a program • add, subtract, multiply, divide accomplished by the Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) • move items from one memory location to another

  10. Software • Operating System • directs computer’s resources to different tasks • UNIX, Linux, MacOS, MVS, Solaris, Microsoft XP • Program • set of instructions for computer

  11. High-Level Languages • Resemble human languages, i.e. easy for humans to read • C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Lisp • contain complicated instructions • Low-level Languages • Assembler • one instruction causes one action • Machine Language - ones and zeros

  12. Compilers • Program that translates high-level language into machine-language • Input program written by programmer = Source Program or Source Code • Output program translated by the compiler = Object Program or Object Code

  13. Compiler

  14. Review • What program is in charge of the system environment? • What program integrates object code with system software resources? • What program is data to the compiler program?

  15. Software Development Method • Specify the problem requirements. • Analyze the problem. • Design the algorithm to solve the problem. • Implement the algorithm. • Test and verify the completed program. • Maintain and update the program.

  16. Algorithms • A sequence of precise instructions which leads to a solution • Most difficult part of solving a problem on a computer is discovering “the method of solution” • A computer program is simply an algorithm expressed in a language the computer understands.

  17. Algorithm that determines how many apples are in an orchard. • Determine how many apple trees are in the orchard approximately. • Estimate the number of apples growing on each tree. • Multiply the number of apple trees times the number of apples on each tree. • Display the answer.

  18. Program Design Understand the program requirements What are the inputs/outputs? Write and test your algorithm Write and test your program

  19. Ethics for Computer Programmers • Privacy and misuse of data • Computer hacking • Plagiarism and software piracy • Misuse of a computer resource

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