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Mr.Warinthon Yimyong ID: 109618

Effect of Controlled and Modified Atmosphere Storage on Qualities and Senescence of Dendrobium Orchid. Mr.Warinthon Yimyong ID: 109618. Effect of Controlled and Modified Atmosphere Storage on Qualities and Senescence of Dendrobium Orchid. Examination Committee:

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Mr.Warinthon Yimyong ID: 109618

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  1. Effect of Controlled and Modified Atmosphere Storage on Qualities and Senescence of Dendrobium Orchid Mr.Warinthon Yimyong ID: 109618

  2. Effect of Controlled and Modified Atmosphere Storage on Qualities and Senescence of Dendrobium Orchid Examination Committee: Asst. Prof. Dr. Peeyush Soni (Chairperson) Prof. Athapol Noomhorm (Member) Prof. Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh (Member) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Danai Boonyakiat (External Expert) Mr.Warinthon Yimyong ID: 109618

  3. Objective

  4. 1. To study trends and prospects of current controlled atmosphere storage and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) for Dendrobium orchid. 2. To investigate the optimum conditions of controlled atmosphere storage for Dendrobium orchid in Thailand. 4. To investigate the effective of controlled and modified atmosphere treatments on the changes of physiological and biochemical qualities and senescence of Dendrobium orchid during storage. 3. To investigate the suitable material use for modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of Dendrobium orchid.

  5. MATERIALS AND METHODS

  6. Experiment 1To investigate the optimum conditions of controlled atmosphere storage for Dendrobium orchid Experiment 2To investigate the suitable material use for modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of Dendrobium orchid Experiment 3Effects of controlled and modified atmosphere on biochemical changes involved in petal senescence of Dendrobium orchid during storage

  7. Experiment 1 To investigate the optimum conditions of controlled atmosphere storage for Dendrobium orchid To investigate the optimum conditions of controlled atmosphere storage for Dendrobium orchid flowers which had the combination of 5% CO2 and 2, 4, 6, and 8% O2and the combination of 10% CO2 and 2, 4, 6, and 8% O2compare with Dendrobium orchid flowers storage under normal atmosphere (21% O2 and 0.03% CO2) on the storage qualities of Dendrobium orchid flowers at record temperatures 13°C with 95% RH. There were tree replications for each treatment.

  8. Set up controlled atmosphere systems with storage room Testing System / Pretest Testing with Dendrobium Orchids which packed in cardboard box 1 box filled with 40 of orchid inflorescence Storage in control temperature at 13 oC with 95% RH • Atmosphere Conditions: • - Normal atmospheres • (21% O2 and 0.03% CO2) • - 5% CO2 + 2% O2 • 5% CO2 + 4% O2 • 5% CO2 + 6% O2 • 5% CO2 + 8% O2 • 10% CO2 + 2% O2 • 10% CO2 + 4% O2 • 10% CO2 + 6% O2 • 10% CO2 + 8% O2 Examine every 5 days • Storage life • Freshness of inflorescence • Weight loss • Respiration rate • Ethylene production • Petal color • Anthocyanin content Investigate effect of controlled atmosphere on qualities of orchids Schematic diagram of experiment to investigate the optimum conditions of CA storage for Dendrobium orchid flower

  9. Table 1 Effect of controlled atmosphere on storage life of dendrobium orchid * Means (Mean ± S.D.) of different superscripts differ significantly at p<0.05

  10. Weight loss Fig.1 Effects of controlled atmosphere storage on weight loss of Dendrobium orchid stored at13oC with 95% relative humidity (RH) (Error bars represent S.D.)

  11. Anthocyanin Content Fig.4.1.3 Effects of controlled atmosphere storage on total anthocytanin content of Dendrobium orchid stored at13oC with 95% relative humidity (RH) (Error bars represent S.D.)

  12. Respiration rate Fig.4.1.4 Effects of controlled atmosphere storage on respiration rates of Dendrobium orchid stored at13oC with 95% relative humidity (RH) (Error bars represent S.D.)

  13. Ethylene Production Fig.4.1.5 Effects of controlled atmosphere storage on ethylene production of Dendrobium orchid stored at13oC with 95% relative humidity (RH) (Error bars represent S.D.)

  14. Petal Color Fig.4.1.6 Effects of controlled atmosphere storage on petal color in lightness (L*) of Dendrobium orchid stored at13oC with 95% relative humidity (RH) (Error bars represent S.D.)

  15. Fig.4.1.7 Effects of controlled atmosphere storage on petal color in chroma (C*) of Dendrobium orchid stored at13oC with 95% relative humidity (RH) (Error bars represent S.D.)

  16. Fig.4.1.8 Effects of controlled atmosphere storage on petal color in hue angle (H) of Dendrobium orchid stored at13oC with 95% relative humidity (RH) (Error bars represent S.D.)

  17. Freshness (Visual appearance) Fig.4.1.9 Effects of controlled atmosphere storage on freshness of Dendrobium orchid stored at13oC with 95% relative humidity (RH) (Error bars represent S.D.)

  18. Financial feasibility analysis The aim of undertaking and inclusion of this concise financial feasibility analysis herein is to evaluate the commercial viability of the proposed CA storage. The discount rate of 12%, as stipulated by the Office of the National Economics and Social Development Board, was used in this financial analysis. The CA-generating machine was anticipated to last 5 years with no salvage value at the end of its life. As the straight-line depreciation method was applied to the machine, annual non-cash depreciation expense was THB 40,000 at the end of years 1 to 5.(In this case studied on small orchid farm in Pathumthani province, Thailand) Annual sales revenue was that from sales of orchid flowers for a period of six months each year, the duration of which is the period of high demand for orchid flowers. One obvious advantage of the CA-generating machine is its ability to prolong the flower shelf life and thereby increase availability of orchid flowers. During the period of high demand, orchid flowers typically command 5 Thai baht (THB 32/USD) extra per bunch. In this research work, a CA-generating machine with daily capability of150 bunches was used. The investment outlays, monthly sales revenue and major expenditure items are listed below:

  19. Sales revenue • Monthly revenue during high orchid demand = 150 bunches x 5 baht x 30 days = 22,500 baht • Sales revenue per year (i.e., 6 months of high orchid demand) • = 22,500 x 6 • =135,000 baht • Costs of investment & major expenditure items • Cost of machine = 200,000 baht • (Depreciate straight-line over 5 years, giving rise to annual depreciation expense of THB 40,000 at end of years 1 – 5) • Gas/month = 3,080 baht • Electricity/month = 960 baht • Cost of electricity and Gas for 6 months = 4,040 x 6 • = 24,240 baht/6 months

  20. The details of calculation of net present value (NPV) of investment in the machine are tabulated below.

  21. The NPV from investment in the machine is THB 343,459.65 and the rule of thumb is that an investment project that yields a positive NPV is worthy of investment as the positive NPV will increase the overall value of the firm. In other words, the positive NPV indicates that the net return on the investment is greater than the machine cost, operating costs and opportunity cost of 12 percent combined. In addition, if the CA-generating machine were improved to better facilitate commercial scale operation, the users would gain from lower unit cost of production with economies of scale. Since the emphasis of this dissertation is on determination of the optimum controlled atmosphere of the orchid flowers, the cost figures are possibly be conservatively estimated, i.e. the cost figures are likely to be on the high side.

  22. Experiment 2 To investigate the suitable material use for modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of Dendrobium orchid To investigate the suitable material use for modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of Dendrobium orchid flower which had different wrapping materials for cardboard box under normal atmosphere and optimum conditions on extensibility of the shelf life of Dendrobium orchid flower from experiment 1.

  23. To investigate the modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of Dendrobium orchid under simulated shipment 1 box filled with 40 of orchid inflorescence Testing with Dendrobium Orchids which packed in cardboard box Packing in cardboard box with different thickness of wrapping materials • Atmosphere Conditions: • Normal atmospheres • (21% O2 and 0.03% CO2) • - Cardboard box • (PE) film • (HDPE) film • (LDPE) film • (PP) film • (PVC) film • Atmosphere Conditions: • Optimum atmosphere from exp. 1 • (PE) film • (HDPE) film • (LDPE) film • (PP) film • (PVC) film Storage in control temperature at 13oC with 95% RH Schematic diagram of experiment to investigate the suitable material use for modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of Dendrobium orchid

  24. Internal atmosphere of packaging Investigate effect of modified atmosphere on qualities of orchids • Storage life • Freshness of inflorescence • Weight loss • Respiration rate • Ethylene production • Petal color • Anthocyanin content Examine every 3 days The qualities parameters were examined same as the Experiment 1. Schematic diagram of experiment to investigate the suitable material use for modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of Dendrobium orchid (continued)

  25. Table 2 Effects of modified atmosphere packaging on storage life of dendrobium orchid * Means (Mean ± S.D.) of different superscripts differ significantly at p<0.05

  26. Internal O2 Fig.4.2.10 Effects of modified atmosphere packaging on concentration of oxygen inside the packaging of Dendrobium orchid stored at13oC with 95% relative humidity (RH) (Error bars represent S.D.)

  27. Internal CO2 Fig.4.2.11 Effects of modified atmosphere packaging on concentration of carbon dioxide inside the packaging of Dendrobium orchid stored at13oC with 95% relative humidity (RH) (Error bars represent S.D.)

  28. Weight loss Fig.4.2.2 Effects of modified atmosphere packaging on weight loss of Dendrobium orchid stored at13oC with 95% relative humidity (RH) (Error bars represent S.D.)

  29. Anthocyanin Content Fig.4.2.3 Effects of modified atmosphere packaging on total anthocyanin content of Dendrobium orchid stored at13oC with 95% relative humidity (RH) (Error bars represent S.D.)

  30. Respiration Rate Fig.4.2.4 Effects of modified atmosphere packaging on respiration rate of Dendrobium orchid stored at13oC with 95% relative humidity (RH) (Error bars represent S.D.)

  31. Ethylene production Fig.4.2.5 Effects of modified atmosphere packaging on ethylene production of Dendrobium orchid stored at13oC with 95% relative humidity (RH) (Error bars represent S.D.)

  32. Petal Color Fig.4.2.6 Effects of modified atmosphere packaging on petal color in lightness (L*) of Dendrobium orchid stored at13oC with 95% relative humidity (RH) (Error bars represent S.D.)

  33. Fig.4.2.7 Effects of modified atmosphere packaging on petal color in chroma (C*) of Dendrobium orchid stored at13oC with 95% relative humidity (RH) (Error bars represent S.D.)

  34. Fig.4.2.8 Effects of modified atmosphere packaging on petal color in hue angle (H) of Dendrobium orchid stored at13oC with 95% relative humidity (RH) (Error bars represent S.D.)

  35. Freshness (Visual appearance) Fig.4.2.9 Effects of modified atmosphere packaging on freshness of Dendrobium orchid stored at13oC with 95% relative humidity (RH) (Error bars represent S.D.)

  36. Financial feasibility analysis Prior to the application of PP plastic film MAP on a commercial scale to prolong the storage life of the orchid flowers, it makes an economic sense to estimate the unit cost of the MAP. One pack of PP plastic film is priced at 1,000 baht and can wrap 120 boxes of orchids, each box containing 30 bunches of orchid flowers. As such, the ratio of orchid flower bunches to PP plastic film is 3,600:1, resulting in the unit cost (per bunch) of 0.28 Thai baht. When taking into consideration the unit sellable price (per bunch) of orchid flowers during the high demand season of 5.00 Thai baht, the cost of the PP film MAP accounts for merely 5.6 percent (i.e., 0.28 out of 5.00 baht), still leaving exporters with sufficient profits. However, when the ineffectiveness to prolong freshness of orchid flowers of PP film MAP is factored into the cost-benefit equation, its attractiveness is lost and even pales in comparison with the CA-generating machine.

  37. Experiment 3 Effects of controlled and modified atmosphere on biochemical changes involved in petal senescence of Dendrobium orchid during storage. To investigate effect of controlled and modified atmosphere on biochemical changes involved in petal senescence of Dendrobium orchid with the optimum condition from Exp. 1 and Exp.2 compare with Dendrobium orchid kept in cardboard boxes under normal atmospheres.

  38. The following parameters were recorded: ACC synthase activity ACC oxidase activity Protein degradation of Dendrobium orchid during ethylene-induced Senescence Protease activity of Dendrobium orchid during ethylene-induced senescence Permeability of membrane: Determination of electrolyte leakage

  39. To investigate effect of controlled and modified atmosphere on biochemical changes involved in petal senescence of Dendrobium orchid 1 box filled with 40 of orchid inflorescence Testing with Dendrobium Orchids which packed in cardboard box Storage in control temperature at 13oC with 95% RH • Atmosphere Conditions: • Normal atmospheres (21% O2 and 0.03% CO2) • Optimum condition from Experiment 1 • Optimum condition from Experiment 2 Investigate biochemical change involved in petal senescence of orchids • - Ethylene production • - ACC synthase activity • - ACC oxidase activity • - Protein quantification • - Protease essay • - Permeability of membrane Examine every 3 days Schematic diagram of experiment to investigate effects of controlled and modified atmosphere on biochemical changes involved in petal senescence of Dendrobium orchid during storage.

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