the ROARING 20’S

1. the ROARING 20’S SOCIAL AND POLITICAL TURMOIL POLITICAL CONSERVATISM

2. Homework: Read Ch 27 and complete Reading Notes per NBGFor each section (27.2-27.4), make a t-chart Contributed to peace and prosperity Did not contribute to peace and prosperity

3. Americans cheer the return of the AEF

4. To what kind of an America were the doughboys returning?

5. all the negative stuffchapter 1TENSIONS IN AMERICAN SOCIETY • Economic Uncertainty • Labor Unrest • Racism • Red-Scare • Nativism • Prohibition's lawlessness

6. Economic downturn no wartime production vets returning for jobs Agricultural Overproduction Competition for jobs women are displaced Blacks face mounting racism in north calls to restrict immigration Farm prices fall remain low throughout the 20’s, collapse 1929 Reaction to WarEconomics

7. Labor Unrest • 1919 – 3,600 strikes • Limited success • Most strikes face rigid opposition from owners, government, public opinion • Labor unions=revolutionary radicalism • Union membership falls from 5 to 3.4 million • Owners counter with “American Plan” and welfare capitalism

8. “AMERICAN PLAN” • Every working man has freedom of choice in accepting employment and should not be forced to join any organization. He has a right to negotiate himself with his employer • BUT, employers could require “yellow-dog” contracts as a condition for employment.

9. “Welfare Capitalism” • To increase worker loyalty, some employers provided • medical care • housing • recreation • schools • also: • restrictions on behavior • spies

10. “social department” • eligibility for $5 day

11. AgricultureMechanization + …

12. Increasing Farm Acreage = …

13. Overproduction • supply v. demand ---------- prices fall.

14. Oklahoma-newly cultivated marginal lands • 1920. (typical farm = 166 acres) • Only 4 percent had electricity, • 1 percent owned trucks • 3 percent had acquired tractors to replace or supplement horse and mule power. • 25 percent had automobiles, and • 37 percent enjoyed telephones.

15. The Great Migration • Impoverished African-American sharecroppers, oppressed by the Jim Crow laws of the South flock to industrial jobs in northern cities. estimate: More than 1,000,000 move during the 1920’s

16. The Great Migration

17. WWI Veterans"Our second emancipation will be the outcome of this war.“ It was not to be. • Black casualties 14% compared to whites 6% • 10 of 70 lynchings in in 1919 were black vets • 25 anti-black riots 1919 RACISM IS NOT CONFINED TO THE SOUTH

18. RED SCARE 1919-1920anti-communist panic • Anarchists blow up the front of the attorney general’s house along with dozen of other bombings • Reaction to sometimes violent labor strikes • Fear of Bolshevism

19. RED SCARE 1919-1920 • Bolshevism • based on theories of Karl Marx • anti-capitalist • advocated violence • anti-religious • A. Mitchell Palmer • Wilson’s attorney general • arrests 1,000s • deported 800 • Git!: (1919) Depicting Uncle Sam kicking the International Workers of the World out of America

20. Palmer Raid on IWW offices

21. In for a trimming… He’ll set the clock back 1,000 years

22. J. Edgar Hoover (future director of the FBI) deports Emma Goldman along with 240 others on the U.S.S. Buford

23. Wall Street Bombing 1920 • 30 dead • 200 injured • $2million in damages • including J.P. Morgan’s office

24. Sacco and Vanzetti Trial • See page 331 in text. Did Sacco and Vanzetti receive a fair trial?

26. FEAR OF IMMIGRANTS • “Immigrants bring their radical revolutionary politics!” • “They don’t speak English!’ • “They are soldiers of the pope!” • They will destroy our white, protestant, male-dominated, superior culture!!” • “They cause deadly diseases!” • Anxiety over the Influenza Epidemic • 675,000 deaths in 1918

27. National Origins Act 1924 • Emergency Quota Act 1921 –(1st restriction on European Immigration) • Limits immigrants to 3% of immigrant population in 1910 • National Origins Act 1924 • Limits immigrants to 2% of immigrant population in 1890 (Chinese Exclusion Act 1882)

28. Backlash Against Immigrants • Fear of Bolshevism • Ethnocentrism • Economic competition • “America: white, protestant, male-dominated” • Resurgence of nativism • Ku Klux Klan, again

29. 1924, KKK claimed to have 3,000,000 members

30. Equal Opportunity Haters • anti-Black • anti-Catholic • anti-Jewish • anti-foreigner • anti-communist • anti-bootlegger • anti-divorce • anti-urban • anti-modern

33. KKK Decline • Horrific rape scandal discredits Klan leader in Indiana • Extensive corruption discovered • Steep decline in 1925 • less than 15,000 members

34. NAACP continues its activities in the North Jim Crow continues in the South Marcus Garvey “Back-to-Africa” movement UNIA

35. Eugenics • Social Darwinism expanded • Pseudo-science funded by Carnegie and Rockefeller, among others. • Sought a “scientific” explanation for poverty and inequality • “The poor were genetically inferior” • Rationalization for the status quo • Sterilization laws enacted in 18 states • Admired and adopted by Adolph Hitler • Progressivism distorted?

36. Prohibition • Volstead Act puts the 18th Amendment into effect. • Pits rural v. urban immigrant v. native • Widely ignored • Bootleggers make $$$ • Encourages lawlessness

37. wets v. drys

38. "The prestige of government has undoubtedly been lowered considerably by the prohibition law. For nothing is more destructive of respect for the government and the law of the land than passing laws which cannot be enforced. It is an open secret that the dangerous increase of crime in this country is closely connected with this." Albert Einstein: "My First Impression of the U.S.A.", 1921

39. Religious Backlash • Fundamentalists, believing in the literal truth of the Bible were offended by the glorification of science and the modernizing trends of urbanization. • 4-Square Gospel • Scopes “Monkey” Trial

40. Political Reaction Following The War and the Era of Progressive Reforms • Conservative trend back to small government • Return of Isolationism, ideally, but not practically • “Return To Normalcy”