Journal Day 51:

1. Journal Day 51: • Describe the event in your life which you can describe as the “most emotional time of my life.” • Also, do you consider yourself more or less emotional than the average person? Explain.

2. Journal Day 52: • Come up with 3 truths and 2 lies about you/your life that no one else would know!!! • DO have the person repeat their statements 3-5 times • DO discuss which were lies/truths • DO NOT discuss the microexpressions with your partners…this will cause them to alter their microexpressions… • We will reconvene and determine who is the best liars and detectors…and we’ll talk about several people’s microexpressions

3. Journal Day 52 part 2 or part B or part II or part deux: • If you could take the “happy” pill, would you?

4. Journal Day 53: • Make a graphic organizer of the following words (the goal is to develop a pictorial organization of the process of emotions; you may need to change the order of the words, put 2 words at the same time, etc.) • Cognition (if you think it applies) • Arousal • Stimulus • Emotion • Do it based on your own intuition, not the book’s ideas necessarily.

5. Emotion: from the Latin “motus” = to move Andy Filipowicz Ocean Lakes High School

6. 3 Parts to an Emotion • Physiological Response • Expressive behavior(s) • Consciousness of the experience

7. Early Theory of Emotion • Darwin’s The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872)—function of animal is: • communicate to other animals (ready to fight?) • prepares animal for action (anger = tense muscles) • Darwin showed faces of emotion to 20 people...often unanimous agreement, but not always...his conclusion was some emotions are universal, some specific to one’s culture...Paul Ekman follow up later

8. The Subjective Experience of Emotion People vary in their subjective experience of emotion in the following ways: • People vary greatly in the intensity of their emotions • The sexes differ little in their experience of emotions • The sexes differ in the expression of emotion: women are more emotionally expressive

9. Part I: Physiological Response The Nervous System & Emotion

10. Divisions of the Nervous System

11. Hormones and Emotion • Sensation / Perception of sensory stimulus • ADRENAL gland sends 2 hormones: • epinephrine and norepinephrine. • BOOM!! (sympathetic nervous system) • = arousal or alertness = energy to act (the pupils dilate, the heart beats faster, and breathing speeds up).

12. Physical Arousal and Emotions • Sympathetic nervous system = Fight-or-Flight • Not all F or F responses are the same… • Different emotions stimulate different responses • Fear—decrease in skin temperature (cold-feet) • Anger—increase in skin temperature (hot under the collar) • Recent PET scans  sadness, joy, anger, and fear each produce a distinct pattern of brain activation and deactivation • This indicates that each emotion involves distinct neural circuits in the brain

13. Easy task Quality of performance Moderately difficult task Very difficult task Degree of arousal Yerkes-Dodson Law • Don’t forget about it! • Some arousal is necessary • High arousal is helpful on easy tasks • As level of arousal increases, quality of performance decreases with task difficulty • Too much arousal is harmful

14. Parasympathetic Overreaction • Causes vital signs to slow to a stop • Experiment: Rats out for a Swim • Another way to think about this… • Sustained sympathetic arousal causes fatigue of it, but… • Parasympathetic reactions continue to be active so much, the heart slows and the victim dies • Might explain “VooDoo Death” – Cannon originally thought it was too much adrenaline to the heart (sympathetic)

15. Lie Detection • Historical Examples of Lie Detection! (see my notes) • Lick a hot iron test • Chew rice powder • Trial slice • Article: “Brain Injuries Allow Patients to Detect Lies” • Article: “Liar, liar! Face on Fire!” • Measures blood flow around eyes • A variety of nonverbal cues, especially microexpressions, are associated with deception, but no single nonverbal cue indicates that someone is lying • Derren Brown

16. Lie Detection • The polygraph doesn’t really detect lies, it detects physiological signs of sympathetic arousal…assumed to be guilt (for lying) or fear (for being caught!) • Measures: blood pressure, perspiration, heart rate, respiration, and pulse (physiological responses!) • Some of its many problems include: • False - results: ¼ of ppl who are actually guilty are found innocent • False + results: 1/3 of ppl who are actually innocent are found guilty • Highly subjective interpretations of the physical changes that occur; no difference btwn many emotions when measured this way • A variety of nonverbal cues, especially microexpressions, are associated with deception, but no single nonverbal cue indicates that someone is lying • See my notes for more…

17. Are Lie Detectors Accurate? Benjamin Kleinmuntz and Julian Szucko (1984) had polygraph experts study the polygraph data of 50 theft suspects who later confessed to being guilty and 50 suspects whose innocence was later established by someone's confession. Had the polygraph experts been the judges, more than one-third of the innocent would have been declared guilty, and almost one-fourth of the guilty would have been declared innocent.

18. An Alternative: The Guilty Knowledge Test • M/C questions about a crime • Some questions contain details that only the perpetrator would know • What kind of hat was left behind at the scene of the crime? • If suspect shows strong emotional (physiological) reaction to correct alternative, this suggests he is the criminal • PROBLEMS???

19. Another Alternative: Brain Fingerprinting • EEG shows if something is familiar or unfamiliar • Brain emits P300 wavewhen it sees something familiar • If a suspect emits a P300 wave in response to details that only the criminal would know, the examiner would conclude that the suspect possessed "guilty knowledge" of the crime. • Brain fingerprinting is still controversial and has recently been upheld by the Supreme Court as admissible evidence (2005).

20. Part II: Expressive Behaviors Specific Emotions, Reading Emotions

21. Hormones Give Rise to Expressed Behaviors • Oxytocin: Greek for “quick birth” • Trust Experiment (7) • Cohesion of 2 People • A cure for Autism?

22. Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Hemispheric Differences • Wada Test – put to sleep either ½ of brain with anesthetics • Left ½ Asleep = pessimism, worrying, crying • Right ½ Asleep = laughter, joking, happy, unworried about the upcoming brain surgery! • May explain depression, bipolar disorder...normal control mechanism to balance these hemispheres may go out of whack left frontal lobe may be most involved in processing positive emotions right frontal lobe involved with negative emotions

23. Crying • may relieve and reduce stress • stress-related chemicals found in tears (Brody, 1982) • other elimination processes remove toxins, apparently crying does too • why we feel good after a good cry • children who are unable to cry (genetic defect) show increased stress • Chicago journal study: • women cry 5x a month, 6% did not cry at all, some cried every day, more likely to report a “lump in the throat”, 85% felt better after • men cry 1x a month, 45% did not cry at all, some reported “tears welled up” in eyes, but did not flow, 73% felt better after • for both, episodes lasted an average of 6 minutes • Causes: arguments, watching sad movies / televsion, 7-10pm, 1 in 5 episodes provoked by happiness

24. Amygdala: Our Fear StructureThe Case of S.M. • Amygdala damage? Can remember you are supposed to be afraid, but won’t show any reactions to it! • S.M. – she had Urbach-Wiethe syndrome, lesioning the amygdala…identification of emotions not hurt, except for Fear (also can’t pick out the “untrustworthy” one from a group of faces) • Otherwise, normal life with job, married, children • Hippocampus damage? Don’t recognize the object? Still show emotional rxn, but don’t know why (subject H.M.)

25. Amygdala: Our Fear Structure • Anxious children show heightened activity in the amygdala when shown fearful faces (2001). • Right amygdala larger in those children with GAD (2000). • Its now thought it plays a role in detecting threats. • Perhaps its hyperactivation may play a role in the abnormal fear and anxiety levels of those with autism. • Serial killers often show Acathesia = lack of emotion regarding something important, esp. fear

27. ANGER! • Catharsis = we reduce anger by releasing it through aggressive action or fantasy • Fried Green Tomatoes Catharsis • When angry outbursts calm us, this is essentially what two word term describing removal of something unpleasant that will make us more likely to do it? • Negative Reinforcement! = Learn to “blow off steam” is not necessarily a good thing if you can’t control where you do it or towards whom you vent that anger

28. ANGER! Breakfast Scene I Feel Pretty • Does catharsis work? Moving Images 18: Venting Anger • Mixed results • Study: make fun of someone, then allow them to retalitate…calming occurred when target is the tormenter, retaliation is “justified” and target is non-intimidating • After watching football, wrestling, and hockey, ppl exhibit more hostility than before • A nation’s murder rate increases after a war

29. How to Handle Anger • Don’t suppress it. • Don’t Express it aggressively. • Confess it and do something about it. • Serenity Now! • Seek reconciliation rather than retaliation.

30. Happiness! • Feel Good do Good Phenomenon: • Did you just get an A on your big exam? You feel good about it? Or did you fail? • This affects your decision whether to aid the dying person in the street as you walk by

31. Adaptation Level “The more I HAVE the more I want” My own TV, HDTV, DVR, HDDVD Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a “neutral” level defined by our prior experience. Relative Deprivation “I want more than THEY HAVE” Test Scores The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself (others’ attainment) (28) questions Happiness! (Joy)

32. Happiness is • Having high self-esteem • Being optimistic and agreeable. • Having a satisfying social life. • Having work and leisure that engage one’s skills. • Jerry knows how to be happy in the most annoying situations! • Having a meaningful religious faith. • Sleeping well and exercise. • Laughter (28)

33. Happiness Is Not Related to • Age • Parenthood • Gender • Education levels • Physical attractiveness • Predicting Happiness

34. Theories of Emotion(see Graphic Organizer) 1- James-Lang Theory 2- Cannon-Bard Theory 3- Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory

35. Common-Sense Theory Stimulus (Tiger) Perception (Interpretation of stimulus— danger) Emotion (Fear) Bodily arousal (Pounding heart) • Common sense might suggest that the perception of a stimulus elicits emotion which then causes bodily arousal • Emotion-arousing stimulus leads to a • Conscious feeling (fear, anger) and a • Physiological response. • Seeing an angry dog triggers feelings of fear and physical responses such as trembling.

36. Debates in Emotion Research • Which comes first, physiological arousal or the subjective experience of an emotion? • Can we react emotionally before appraising a situation, or does thinking always precede emotion?

37. James-Lange Theory

38. James-Lange Theory (1890) • 1880/90s, William James at Harvard • Carl Lange, Danish physiologist • Independently wrote up the same idea • emotion is due to perceiving changes in the body. • Think about what happens when you narrowly miss hitting someone who has darted out in front of your moving car. Chances are your first act is to slam on the brakes and screech to a halt. After the car is safely stopped you notice that your heart is beating rapidly and your face is flushed with sweat; and then you begin to feel fear. As the James-Lange theory predicts, only after the car is stopped and the accident averted does the emotion occur. (Schwartz, 1986, p.90)

40. Support for James-Lange • Facial Feedback Hypothesis: • Depicting a specific emotion, especially facially, causes us to subjectively feel that emotion. • Research comparing ratings of cartoons by persons holding pen in teeth versus those holding it in lips; mantra: “me, me” vs. “you, you” • Experiences of depressed people who “put on a happy face” • Drugs that enhance autonomic arousal typically result in reports of more intense emotions. • Antonio Damasio’s findings—that each basic emotion produced a distinct pattern or neural response and that the physiological changes occurred before they were interpreted as an emotion—support the theory

41. Cannon-Bard Theory • An emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both a • physiological response (sympathetic nervous system) and • the experience of an emotion (brain’s cerebral cortex).

42. Cannon Bard Theory

43. Walter Cannon (1927) • Cut the spinal cords of dogs so no sensations could reach the brain... • If emo follows from the sensations, w/out the sensations, dogs should show no emos. • However, dogs still showed anger, fear, and pleasure

45. Walter Cannon (1927) – flawed • Paralyzed patients still retain a large portion of autonomic sensitivity via cranial nerves, such as the vagus nerve • These patients report a lack of emotional intensity, so they feel “as if” they were angry instead of true anger • So, it seems he was wrong, James may have been right that the body’s responses do matter

46. 2 Factor Theory of EmotionStanley Schachter & Jerome Singer (1962) • Emotion depends on 2 factors: • 1- Physiological arousal • 2- The cognitive interpretation of that arousal • Unless you can interpret, explain, and label the bodily changes, you will not feel a true emotion.

47. Schachter-Singer • Injected either adrenaline or placebo (saline) & presence of emotion provoking situation… • 1 group Filled out questionnairewith mildly emotional items • 2nd group also did this, but a confederate vividly expressed outrage at the nature of the questions, tore up the response sheet, and stomped out of the room • Questionnaire alone did not = anger in those w/placebo OR adrenaline, without confederate • Placebo group with confederate did not = anger • Adrenaline group with confederate = anger about questionnaire • CONCLUSION: Emo requires autonomic arousal and a relevant cognition about the environment • Parps attributed anger to questionnaire, not the other participant

48. Two-Factor Theory

50. The Dutton & Aron Experiment • Study: Males are more attracted to a female confederate they meet immediately after crossing a high, swaying suspension bridge than they are when meeting a female confederate after passing over a stable, low rise bridge. • Another study with increased laughing to a comedy • Finally, same early version, but either told or not told about the effects of the drug…when told, no emotion as parps attributed reactions to the drug, not the situation