New Horizon College English

李清霞敦建勇段小虎编 New Horizon College English Unit 2: Section A Iron and the Effects of Exercise 新视野

Text Analysis Pre-reading Activities Background information Compound dictation Questions & Answers Watch & Discuss Main idea and devices for developing it Summary Expressions & Patterns How to apply to our real life the typical expressions and patterns taken from the text Blank filling Exercises Writing All the exercises for Section A 议论文写作技巧

I. Pre-reading Activities: Listen, Look & Say Background Information Acquaint yourself with some relevant information. Compound Dictation Listen to a passage and fill in the missing words. Questions & Answers Listen to a passage and answer some questions. Watch & Discuss Watch the video and discuss the given topics.

Back I. Pre-reading Activities: Listen, Look & Say Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: This is a multidisciplinary journal featuring original investigations, clinical studies, and comprehensive reviews on current topics in sports medicine and exercise science. With this multidisciplinary journal, exercise physiologists, physiatrists, physical therapists, team physicians and athletic trainers get a vital exchange of information from basic and applied science, medicine, education, and allied health fields. 下一页

I. Pre-reading Activities: Listen, Look & Say Back Digestive system: The digestive system is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. Inside this tube is a lining called the mucosa. In the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, the mucosa contains tiny glands that produce juices to help digest food. 上一页

Back I. Pre-reading Activities: Listen, Look & Say Compound Dictation Directions: You will hear a passage. It will be read twice. Listen carefully and supply the missing words.

Back assume inevitable body improve individuals falling seniors One group performed balance exercises on a computer-controlled platform once a week a control group met for a weekly discussion reduced the chance of having a fall by 47 percent Although many people _______ that balance and movement problems are _________ with age, an increasing ______ of evidence demonstrates that exercise can help ________ balance and strength in elderly ___________ and reduce their chance of _______. In Wolf’s study, published in May 1996, 215 _________ aged 70 to 96 were divided into three groups. _____________________________________ _______________________________________, one group took a weekly tai chi class, and ____________ ______________________________. After 15 weeks, “ the tai chi group did the best, and ____________ _________________________________,” Wolf said.

Back I. Pre-reading Activities: Listen, Look & Say Questions & Answers 1. Why do women often not have enough iron in their bodies? key 2.If iron levels are low, what problems can women experience? key 3.What can you eat to get iron and what disadvantages can these supplements sometimes have? key

This is often because most of them go on a restricted diet so as to keep themselves slim. Of course, there are also many other causes of it. One is that many women are more particular about what they eat than men do. Another is their fat-reducing exercise. If they restrict their diet by rejecting iron-rich food, more exercise may lead to greater loss of iron in their blood. A third one lies in their physiological characteristics. Women of child-bearing age are at the greatest risk of iron deficiency as their monthly bleeding is a major source of iron loss. Reference Words: to go on a diet, to keep oneself slim, to be particular about, fat-reducing exercise, to reject iron-rich food, to lead to greater loss of iron, physiological characteristics, iron deficiency, monthly bleeding key 返回

If women suffer fromiron deficiency, they may experience such problems as follows: If their iron reserves become lower and lower until they are not enough to form the molecules of blood protein that transport oxygen to the working muscles, fatigue and poor performance may begin to appear in their daily life. Once their iron reserves go to zero, they often feel tired, weak, and out of breath. If they wait until that point, they are really in trouble. Reference Words: to suffer from, iron deficiency, iron reserves, the molecules of blood protein, the working muscles, fatigue, poor performance, to go to zero, to feel out of breath, to be in trouble key 返回

People who suffer from iron deficiency can add more iron-rich food to their diet. The best sources of iron are meat, chicken, and fish. Good sources of other forms of iron include dates, beans, and some leafy green vegetables. People with low iron reserves may also take supplements. But generally speaking, it’s better to undo the problem of iron deficiency by consuming iron-rich food than by taking supplements, because supplements may produce a feeling of wanting to throw up, and may be poisonous in some cases. Reference Words: to add … to, the best sources of iron, people with low iron reserves, to take supplements, generally speaking, to undo the problem, to consume iron-rich food, to produce a feeling, of wanting to throw up(呕吐), to be poisonous in some cases key 返回

Back I. Pre-reading Activities: Listen, Look & Say 1. What do you think the effects of exercise are? key 2. What advice can you give on physical exercise? key Video watching Directions: Watch the video and then discuss the topics as follows:

返回

Just as every coin has two sides, however, exercise can also bring us harm. If you are normally inactive and then, prompted by a sudden impulse, start a big program of intense exercise, there are more chances that you have yourself injured. In addition, as for those who go on a fat-reducing diet, the more exercise they take, the greater loss of iron they will suffer and the worse their health conditions will get. And worst of all, continual as well as excessive exercise is more likely to result in sudden death. Thus, how to go in for exercise is something worth more of our concern. Summary:As is known to all, life lies in exercise. Whatever form of exercise you take, you can reap a lot from it as long as you persist in it. In general, exercise can bring us benefits as follows: 1) Proper exercise can stimulate the flow of our blood, thus bettering our whole health conditions. 2) Regular exercise can greatly improve the speed with which our brains react to what is going on around us. 3) Good and progressive exercise can help set up in ourselves ambition for success as well as balance of mind. >>>more 返回 Path of thinking: • Do you often go in for physical exercise and what benefits can you get from it? • Have you ever stopped to seek the negative effects exercise brings about? key

Summary: There is nothing new in my way of exercising, but there are two practices I always cling to: 1) I never try to follow the fashion. No matter whether the hula loop or the social dancing is in, my interest in the same exercise always remains what it has been. 2) The forms of my exercise change with my age. When I was in teens and twenties, I was fond of playing balls; when I was middle-aged, I turned my interest to table-tennis; and now I am getting on in years, so I become addicted totai chi, an exercise suitable to the senior. Here are the insights gleaned frommy own experience in physical exercise: 1) Before you take any physical exercise, you must have a clear idea about what kind of exercise is good for your health as well as suitable to your own physical conditions. 2) Once you start your program of exercise, both progressiveness and regularity become two key ingredients in your smooth implementation of the program. 3) With the amount of your exercise on a gradual increase, you should add more iron-rich foods to your daily diet. >>>more 返回 Path of thinking: • What’s your art of exercising? • What should new exercisers pay attention to? key

II.Text Analysis: Main Idea and Devices for Developing It Main idea of the textand devices for developing it Main idea of each part and devices for developing it New words & Text Transcript Devices Main idea New Words Part Ⅰ 问题解决法 Part Ⅱ Text Part Ⅲ 引言法 Part IV

Back II.Text Analysis: Main Idea and Devices for Developing It • endurance • moderate • evidence • journal • consume • supplement • bounce • respectively • ratio • plus • restrict • liable • allowance • digest • digestive • phenomenon • vessel • typical • typically • fatigue • molecule • protein • calculate • sufficient • compound • indicate • storage • advisable • yearly • physician • modify • undo • shortcoming • select • cereal • plentiful • derive • striking • interfere • remedy • Phrases and • Expressions • lead to • bounce back • in general • up to • take in • at risk • tip over the • edge • out of breath • add sth. to • throw up • go up • sum up • Proper Names • Purdue • University • Roseanne • M. Lyle • Medicine & • Science in • Sports & • Exercise • John L. Beard • Nancy Clark

Back Iron and the Effects of Exercise Sports medicine experts have observed for years that endurance athletes, particularly females, frequently have iron deficiencies. Now a new study by a team of Purdue University researchers suggests that even moderate exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women. “We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise showed evidence of iron loss,” says Roseanne M. Lyle, associate professor at Purdue. Her study of 62 formerly inactive women who began exercising three times a week for six months was published in the journalMedicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. “Women who consumed additional meat or with cereal or put a tomato on a sandwich) to enhance the amount of iron absorbed.” Clark also recommends cooking in iron pans, as food can derive iron from the pan during the cooking process. “The iron content of tomato sauce cooked in an iron pot for three hours teenagers and one in five women aged 18 to 45, respectively. But the ratio is even greater among active women, affecting up to 80 percent of female endurance athletes. This means, Lyle says, that “too many women ignore the amount of iron they take in”. Women of child-bearing control weight, they may not consume enough iron-rich food, and are liable to experience a deficiency. “The average woman takes in only two thirds of the recommended daily allowance for iron,” notes another expert. “For a woman who sweat, and, for unknown reasons, intense endurance exercise is sometimes associated with bleeding of the digestive system. Athletes in high-impact sports such as running may also lose iron through a phenomenon where small blood vessels in the feet leak blood. don’t know they have a deficiency, because traditional methods of calculating the amount of iron in blood (by checking levels of the blood protein that transports oxygen) are not sufficient, Beard states. Instead, it’s important to check levels of a different compound, which molecules of blood protein that transport oxygen to the working muscles. In the third and final stage, people often feel weak, tired, and out of breath — and exercise performance is severely compromised. “People think that if they’re not at the third “Active women need to be a lot more careful about their food choices,” sums up Purdue’s Lyle. “If you pay attention to warning signs before iron reserves are gone, you can remedy the deficiency before it really becomes a problem.” runners have low iron stores.) Beard and other experts say it’s advisable for people in these groups to have a yearly blood test to check blood iron reserves. If iron levels are low, talk with a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by poisonous in some cases. The best sources of iron, and the only sources of the form of iron most readily absorbed by the body, are meat, chicken, and fish. Good sources of other forms of iron include dates, beans, and some leafy green vegetables. indicates the amount of storage of iron in the blood. While active, child-bearing age women are most likely to have low iron stores, he notes, “Men are not safe, especially if they don’t eat meat and have a high level of physical activity.” (An estimated 15 percent of male long distance age are at greatest risk, since their monthly bleeding is a major source of iron loss. Plus, many health-conscious women increase their risk by rejecting red meat, which contains the most easily absorbed form of iron. And because women often restrict their diet in an effort to There are three stages of iron deficiency. The first and most common is having low iron reserves, a condition that typically has no symptoms. Fatigue and poor performance may begin to appear in the second stage of deficiency, when not enough iron is present to form the already has a poor iron status, any additional iron loss from exercise may be enough to tip her over the edge into a more serious deficiency,” notes the expert. Exercise can result in iron loss through a variety of mechanisms. Some iron is lost in modifying your diet or by taking supplements. In general, it’s better to undo the problem by adding more iron-rich foods to the diet, because iron supplements can have serious shortcomings. Supplements may produce a feeling of wanting to throw up, and may be “Select breads and cereals with the words ‘iron-added’ on the label,” writes sports diet expert Nancy Clark. “This added iron supplements the small amount that naturally occurs in grains. Eat these foods with plentiful Vitamin C (for example, drink orange juice took iron supplements were able to bounce back,” she notes. “But the new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a decrease in iron levels.” Iron deficiency is very common among women in general, affecting one in four female showed a striking increase, the level going up nearly 30 times,” she writes. And people who are likely to have low iron should avoid drinking coffee or tea with meals, she says, since substances in these drinks can interfere with iron being absorbed into the body. stage, nothing is wrong, but that’s not true,” says John L. Beard, who helped design the Purdue study. “You’re not stage 3 until your iron reserves go to zero, and if you wait until that point, you’re in trouble.” However, most people with low iron reserves

Back II.Text Analysis: Main Idea and Devices for Developing It Main idea of the text ? Devices for developing it? Exercise may lead to more loss of iron in females, which in turn produces serious effects on their health. According to sports medicine experts, active women should pay more attention to iron deficiency in their bodies and take correct measures to remedy it before it really becomes a problem. 问题解决法引言法

Back Problem Analysis Solution Evaluation • Problem-Analysis-Solution (问题解决法) The whole essay is written in a typical problem-analysis-solution-evaluation pattern. Iron and Effects of Exercise

Back >>>more • Problem-Analysis-Solution (问题解决法) Problem: ? (Para. 1) Now a new study by a team of Purdue University researchers suggests that even moderate exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women. (Para. 1)

Back • Problem-Analysis-Solution (问题解决法) Provision of evidence for the problem: ? (Paras. 2 & 3) 1) Their study of 62 formerly inactive women who began exercising three times a week showed evidence of iron loss; (Para. 2) 2) Women who consumed additional meat or took iron supplements were able to bounce back; 3) The new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a decrease in iron levels. (Para. 3) 返回

Back >>>more • Problem-Analysis-Solution (问题解决法) Analysis of general causes for it: ? (Para. 4) 1) Too many women ignore the amount of iron they take in; 2) Women’s monthly bleeding is a major source of iron loss; 3) Many women increase their risk of iron loss by rejecting red meat; 4) Women are liable to experience a deficiency as a result of restricting their diet in weight control.

Back >>>more • Problem-Analysis-Solution (问题解决法) Analysis of specific causes for it: ? (Paras. 5 - 6) (1) The average woman takes in only 2/3 of the recommended daily allowance for iron, which would easily cause iron deficiency if they take some exercises. (Para. 5) (2) Some iron is lost in sweat, and intense endurance exercises may cause iron deficiency through bleeding of the digestive system and bleeding of the blood vessels in the feet. (Para. 6)

Back >>>more • Problem-Analysis-Solution (问题解决法) Analysis of effects of iron deficiency: ?(Paras. 7 - 8) (1) Fatigue and poor performance may begin to appear when not enough iron is present in their blood to form the molecules of blood protein that transport oxygen to the working muscles. (2) When their iron reserves go to zero, people often feel weak, tired, and out of breath — andtheir exercise performance is severely compromised; and they are in trouble.

Back • Problem-Analysis-Solution (问题解决法) Analysis of importance of checking iron reserves: ? (Para. 9) (1) It is important to check levels of a different compound, which indicates the amount of storage of iron in the blood. (2) Both women and men are at risk of iron deficiency as a result of a high level of active physical exercise. (3) It is advisable for people in these groups to have a yearly blood test to check blood iron reserves. 返回

Back >>>more • Problem-Analysis-Solution (问题解决法) Solution to the problem: ? (Paras. 10 - 11) (1) If iron levels are low, talk with a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by modifying your diet or by taking supplements… (Para. 10) (2) Select breads and cereals with the words ‘iron-added’ on the label… (Para. 11) (3) Eat the foods with plentiful Vitamin C to enhance the amount of iron absorbed. (Para. 11)

Back • Problem-Analysis-Solution (问题解决法) Solution to the problem: ? (Paras. 10 - 11) (4) Cook in iron pans, as food can derive iron from the pan during the cooking process. ( Para. 11) (5) Avoid drinking coffee or tea with meals, since substances in these drinks can interfere with iron being absorbed into the body. ( Para. 11) 返回

Back • Problem-Analysis-Solution (问题解决法) Evaluation: ? (Para. 12) “Active women need to be a lot more careful about their food choices. If you pay attention to warning signs before iron reserves are gone, you can remedy the deficiency before it really becomes a problem.” 返回

2. Quotation (引言法 ) Back To support his argument, the author quotes as hard evidence the remarks respectively from the associate professor of Purdue University, Roseanne M. Lyle (Paras. 2, 3 and 12), another expert at Purdue (Para. 5), one of the Purdue study designers, John L. Beard (Paras. 8 and 9), and the sports diet expert Nancy Clark (Para. 11). 返回

Back II. Text Analysis: Main Idea and Devices for Developing It Part I (Paras. 1-3) Part II Illustration (举证法): Part III Quotation (引言法): Part IV Contrast (对比法): For details For details For details Main idea ? Exercise, even moderate exercise, may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women. Devices for developing it ?

Back Specific evidence: (1) Sports medicine experts have observed for years that endurance athletes, particularly females, frequently have iron deficiencies. (Para. 1) (2) “We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise showed evidence of iron loss,” says Roseanne M. Lyle, associate professor at Purdue. (3) Her study of 62 formally inactive women who began exercising three times a week for six months was published in the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. (Para. 2) Illustration (举证法) : (1) 运动医学专家经过多年的观察，发现耐力运动员，特别是女性，经常会出现缺铁现象。 General Conclusion: Now a new study by a team of Purdue University researchers suggests that even moderate exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women. (3)她对62名妇女进行了研究，并将研究结果发表在《体育运动医学与科学》杂志上。这些妇女原先不怎么运动，后来开始了为期六个月、每周3次的锻炼。返回

Back Quotation (引言法) & Contrast (对比法) : “Women who consumed additional meat or took iron supplements were able to bounce back,” she notes. “But the new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a decrease in iron levels.”(Para. 3) 返回

Back II. Text Analysis: Main Idea and Devices for Developing It Part I Part II (Paras. 4-6) Cause and effect (因果法): Part III Quotation (引言法): (Paras. 4 & 5) Part IV For details Main idea ? This part is about the causes for both iron deficiency among women in general and more serious deficiency among active women. Devices for developing it ?

Cause and effect (因果法) Back Effect: (Para. 4) Iron deficiency is very common among women in general, affecting one in four female teenagers and one in five women aged 18 to 45, respectively. >>>more (1) They ignore the amount of iron they take in; (2) Women’s monthly bleeding is a major source of iron loss; (3) Plus,many health-conscious women increase their risk by rejecting red meat, which contains the most easily absorbed form of iron. (4) Women often experience a deficiency as a result of their effort to control weight. (Para. 4) 缺铁在多数女性中是很常见的，10多岁的少女四人中有一人缺铁，18至45岁的女性五人中有一人缺铁。 General causes for the effect: ? 此外，许多保健意识很强的女性面临更大的危险，因为他们拒绝食用牛羊肉，而这些肉中含有的铁质最容易被吸收。

Cause and effect (因果法) Back (1) For a woman who already has a poor iron status, any additional iron loss from exercise may be enough to tip her over the edge into a more serious deficiency.(Para. 5) (2) Some iron is lost in sweat, and, for unknown reasons, intense endurance exercise is sometimes associated with bleeding of the digestive system. (3) Athletes in high-impact sports such as running may also lose iron through a phenomenon where small blood vessels in the feet leak blood.(Para. 6) Effect: (Para. 4) But the ratio (of iron deficiency in women) is even greater among active women, affecting up to 80 percent of female endurance athletes. 有些铁质随汗液流失。另外，由于未知的原因，高强度的耐力运动有时与消化系统内出血联系在一起。 Specific causes for the effect: ? 运动员从事高强度的运动，比如跑步时，也可能因为足部细血管失血的现象而使铁质流失。返回

Back II. Text Analysis: Main Idea and Devices for Developing It Part I Part II Part III (Paras. 7 - 9) Quotation (引言法):(Paras. 8 & 9) General-specific (总分法): Part IV For details For details Refutation (批驳法): Main idea？ The author makes clear both the effects of iron deficiency on people’s health and the importance of checking iron reserves to active people. Devices for developing it ?

General-specific (总分法) Back (1) The first and most common is having low iron reserves, a condition that typically has no symptoms. (2) Fatigue and poor performance may begin to appear in the second stage of deficiency, when not enough iron is present to form the molecules of blood protein that transport oxygen to the working muscles. (3) In the third and final stage, people often feel weak, tired, and out of breath — and exercise performance is severely compromised. General statement: (Para. 7) There are three stages of iron deficiency. Specific statements: ? (Para. 7) 到了缺铁的第二阶段，就会出现疲倦和力不从心，此时体内已没有足够的铁来形成血蛋白分子，将氧输至运动着的肌肉。返回

(1) “People think that if they’re not at the third stage, nothing is wrong, but that’s not true,” says John L. Beard , who helped design the Purdue study. “You’re not stage 3 until your iron reserves go to zero, …” (2) …most people don’t know they have a deficiency, because traditional methods of calculating the amount of iron in blood are not sufficient, … Instead, it’s important to check levels of a different compound, which indicates the amount of storage of iron in the blood. (3) While active, child-bearing age women are most likely to have low iron stores…, men are not safe, especially if they don’t eat meat and have a high level of physical activity. (Paras. 8 & 9) 返回 Refutation (批驳法) Typical sentences: “人们认为，只要不到第三阶段就不会有什么问题。这种看法是不对的。” 帮助策划珀杜研究的约翰  L. 比尔德说。

Back II. Text Analysis: Main Idea and Devices for Developing It Part I Part II Part III Quotation (引言法):(Paras. 11-12) Exemplification (举例法): Part IV (Paras.10-12) For details Main idea？ The author gives his advice on how to remedy iron deficiency. Devices for developing it ?

Exemplification (举例法) : 1) The author gives his advice through a list of examples: (Para. 10) Back meat chicken (1) The best sources of iron are ____, _______, and ____. (2) Good sources of other forms of iron include _____, _____, and some ______ _____ __________. fish leafy beans dates green vegetables Example: “The iron content of tomato sauce cooked in an iron pot for three hours showed a striking increase, the level going up nearly 30 times.” 2) The author quotes an example from Clark’s advice on cooking in iron pans: (Para. 11) Clark’s advice: Cook in iron pans. 返回

III. Expressions & Patterns Patterns for you to use as models Expressions • 1.tolead to • 2. to bounce back • in general • one in / out of four • up to • 6. to take in • 7. to be at greatest risk • >>>more 1.Typical patterns for showing the results of sb’s observation 2.Typical patterns for argumentation 3.Typical patterns for suggestion

III. Expressions & Patterns • 1. to lead to • 2. to bounce back • in general • one in / out of four • up to • 6. to take in • 7. to be at greatest/more risk of • 8. plus • 9. in an effort to do sth. • 10.to be liable to do sth. • 11. to tip her over the edge into • 12. to result in • 13. to be lost in sweat • 14. to be associated with • to be out of breath • to go to zero • to be most likely to do sth. • to undo the problem • to add more iron-rich foods to the diet • to produce a feeling of wanting to throw up • to derive iron from • to be a lot more careful about • to sum up • to remedy the deficiency A. Expressions: Back

III. Expressions & Patterns Back A. Compatible Expressions 1.导致缺铁  to lead to reduced iron(L. 3) 活学活用新规定应有助于我们淡水供应的改善。 The new regulations should lead to an improvement in our fresh water supply. 下一页上一页

III. Expressions & Patterns Back 2.(遭受挫败／损失后)很快恢复  to bounce back (L. 11) 活学活用我们足球队遭受一连串的失败后又东山再起了。 Our football team bounced back from a series of defeats. 下一页上一页

III. Expressions & Patterns Back 3. 通常, 大体上说 • in general (L. 13) 活学活用运动促进大脑的功能，因此，通常情况下，经常参加体育锻炼的学生学习成绩好。 Exercise stimulates the brain, so in general, students who take regular exercise achieve better results in their studies. 下一页上一页

III. Expressions & Patterns Back 4.在10多岁的少女中有四分之一······  one in/out of four female teenagers (L.13) 活学活用在这个地区，他很有名，以至于当地人中有三分之一都认识他。 He is so famous in that area that one in/out of three local people know him. 下一页上一页

III. Expressions & Patterns Back 5.多达(百分之八十)······, 上至······  up to (80 percent) … (L. 15) 活学活用这位影星受到她的国家里每个人的喜欢,上至总统,下到扫地的男孩。 This film star finds favor with everyone in her country, up to the president and down to the boy who sweeps the floor. 下一页上一页

III. Expressions & Patterns Back 6.吸收，理解  to take in (L. 17) 活学活用她聚精会神地听讲,听懂了他说的每个字并不时地问问题。 She listened attentively, taking in every word he said and asking questions from time to time. 下一页上一页

III. Expressions & Patterns Back 7. 危险最大/更大  to be at greatest/more risk of (L. 17) 活学活用浅色皮肤的人比深色皮肤的人患皮肤癌的危险性更大。 Those with fair skin are more at risk of skin cancers than those with dark skin. 下一页上一页

New Horizon College English