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Genetics

Genetics. Review. Involves several different genes for one trait like eye color, skin tone and color, height (humans), wheat kernel color These are called Polygenes. Polygenic Inheritance. Skin color has three alleles: ABC for dominant and abc for recessive

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Genetics

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  1. Genetics Review

  2. Involves several different genes for one trait like eye color, skin tone and color, height (humans), wheat kernel color • These are called Polygenes Polygenic Inheritance

  3. Skin color has three alleles: ABC for dominant and abc for recessive • The darkest skin tone is AABBCC and the lightest is aabbcc • Possible gametes for both the mom and dad are: abc, abC, aBc, Abc, aBC, ABc, AbC, and ABC • Distribution of results will be a bell curve! Example

  4. Punnett Grid

  5. Mendel’s laws worked with genes on separate chromosomes – Law of Independent Assortment • Many genes are found on a single chromosome and they will separate together with crossing over being a way to create ‘recombinants’ Linked Genes and Genetic Variety

  6. Occurs when there are linked genes – An offspring that possesses the characteristics from both parents as crossing over has occurred and the linked genes transfer between homologous chromosomes • The further apart the genes are on a chromosome, the better the chance of producing recombinant gametes and organisms Recombinant

  7. Steps: • Denature the DNA – heat it to 95 oC, breaking the H bonds between the nucleotide bases • Annealing where the DNA is cooled and the Primers – small strands of DNA that bind to target DNA on the strand – bind to the complementary sequence and specify the DNA to be amplified • Heated now to the optimal temp – 72oC, so the DNA Polymerase extends the primers using the target DNA as the template • This process is repeated 20 – 35 times!! Exponential growth PCR

  8. Uses an electrical current to move negatively charged DNA particles through a current carrying Gel • They move due to size and charge • When stained they create a banded pattern and similarities between different samples indicate a familial relationship • Used in forensic studies and paternity testing Gel Electrophoresis and DNA Profiling

  9. Completed in 2003 – Mapped all the genes in Human DNA • Helps to give a better understanding of how particular changes in coding can cause particular results – genetic disorders • Identifies specific genes – synthetic human hormones are used to produce human insulin for diabetics • Genetic screening to identify specific diseases like sickle-cell anemia and Huntington’s Disease Human Genome Project

  10. Manipulation of particular genes for a specific purpose • Specific genes are located and extracted and then used to modify the genetic code of another species • An example is inserting the gene code for creating insulin into a bacterium • Restrictive enzymes cut the DNA sequence at particular nucleotide sequences then ligase enzymes join them to another DNA strand with the same sequence • Lab Activity on Tuesday Genetic Engineering

  11. Cloning – Good or Bad?

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