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National Board of Trade Lena Johansson Director General

National Board of Trade Lena Johansson Director General. National Board of Trade. Agency for foreign trade and trade policy Promote free trade and transparent rules Our main task is to improve opportunities for international trade. Objectives. An effective Internal Market

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National Board of Trade Lena Johansson Director General

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  1. National Board of TradeLena JohanssonDirector General

  2. National Board of Trade • Agency for foreign trade and trade policy • Promote free trade and transparent rules • Our main task is to improve opportunities for international trade

  3. Objectives • An effective Internal Market • An open trade policy in the EU • A strong multilateral international trading system

  4. Ljuset är proportionell mot den ekonomiska aktiviteten

  5. Ljuset (ekonomiska aktiviteten) är mest intensiv vid kusten och navigerbara floder

  6. Var ”ljusnar” det och varför? - Framförallt i länder som integrerar sig i världsekonomin, t.ex. BRICs

  7. The Swedish Government: ….. create growth and employment in Sweden by promoting free trade and dismantling of trade barriers

  8. Developing countries • Analyses of developing countries perspective • Competence and capacity building programmes in developing countries • Open Trade Gate Sweden

  9. International trade and development • Why do peopletrade? • Situation and developments in worldtrade • Trade and Climate Change • Development perspective • Swedish tradepatterns and developments • Tradepolicies

  10. Free trade • Trade creates welfare • Sweden is very dependant on international trade

  11. Swedish trade dependance Exports/GDP > 50 % Imports/GDP = almost 50 %

  12. Källa: WTO

  13. Exports of goods and services,percent of GDP (1960-2007)

  14. Exports/GDP 1960 1996 2006 Global 10 % 20 % 30 % Sweden 14 % 35 % > 50 %

  15. Källa: UNCTAD

  16. Foreign investments/GDP 1995 2005 Global 10 % 24 % Sweden 30 % > 50 %

  17. Imports of goods and services increase faster then GDP in almost every country FDI´s grow even faster

  18. International trade is still regional • Total trade between North America, Asia and Europé =23 % of world trade • Trade within the three regions= 53 % of world trade-Europe 31 % (single market 25 %)- Asia 14 %- North America 8 %

  19. 787mdr $ (6 %) 477mdr $ (4 %) 103 mdr $ (1 %) 4243mdr $ (31%) 1108 mdr $ (8%) 951 mdr $ (7 %) 1889mdr $ (14%) 93,4 mdr $ (1%) 282 mdr $ (2%) 40,5 mdr $ (0,3 %) 122 mdr $ (1 %) 315 mdr $ (2 %) 1148 mdr $ (8%) Intra regional handel Inter-regional handel Källa: WTO International Trade Statistics 2008

  20. EU-27:s intra- och extra regional varuhandel som andel av total handel 1962-2008 Källa: UN comtrade database (Wits)

  21. Sveriges intra- och extra-handel med varor som procentandel av total handel 1962-2008 Källa: UN comtrade database (WITS)

  22. Källa: Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland, U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis, Tulli, Finland, Eurostat och SCB

  23. The public opinion Support for international trade is strong, but the trend is negative?

  24. The public opinion (2) Important to note that support for imports much smaller than for trade

  25. Decreasing protectionism, 1995-2007 • 25 new WTO-members • Decrease in tarrifs and quotas • Trade facilitiation at the border • World trade encreased by 170 % • Trade in services increasing • Liberalized rules for foreign investments

  26. Imports of goods and services increase faster then GDP in almost every country FDI´s grow even faster

  27. Conclusion: Trade policy has, almost by any measure, been dramatically liberalised almost everywhere since 1995

  28. Trends in worldtrade – long term • Global market place • Global Value Chains • Goods -> Services • Servicification • e-commerce Other tendencies - short term? • Crises effects, politics • New protectionism • Public procurement, internationally, EU, Sweden, locally • Local production • Climate concerns? Development aspects Emerging markets

  29. Export by regions (1963 och 2007) 50

  30. Fragmenterad produktion“The first unbundling” – Baldwin Olika arbetsinsatser genomförs på samma plats (i samma land)

  31. Fragmenterad produktion“The second unbundling” – Baldwin “Trade in tasks” - arbetsuppgifterna sprids ut över världenFragmentering kan ske på flera olika sätt – inom eller utom företaget, i hemlandet eller i utlandetOffshoring och outsourcing leder till handel med insatser

  32. A typical Swedish motor vehicle is only 50 % Swedish… Made in Sweden?

  33. One third of Sweden´s exports consists of imports

  34. Källa: Egna beräkningar baserade på SCB:s Input-Outputtabeller

  35. Swedish exports are not only made in Sweden OECD-average: 31 %

  36. Sectors Tjänstesektorer

  37. En Boeing Dreamliner :Made in America? 43 subcontractors Spread on 135 production facilities in the world Among other things, wings made in Japan, the engines of in the U.S. and Great Britain, the doors in France and Sweden 70 % of the components are manufacturesd outside the U.S. ”Källa: Newhouse, John and A. A, Knopf (2007), Boeing vs Airbus, The inside story of the greatest international competetion in business, New York, USA

  38. Ett växande avstånd mellan företagens verklighet och handelspolitiken “While the nature of global trade has changed, trade regulation in the EU and other OECD economies has remained largely the same.”

  39. “Everybody is in Services” – The Impact of Servicification in Manufacturing on Trade and Trade Policy (under tryck)

  40. E-commerce • New options • New barriers • Cloud computing

  41. Trends in worldtrade – long term • Global market place • Global Value Chains • Goods -> Services • Servicification • e-commerce But also Other tendencies - short term? • Crises effects, politics • New protectionism • Public procurement, internationally, EU, Sweden, locally • Local production • Climate concerns? Development aspects Emerging markets

  42. The relationship between international trade and transport modes Andel av världshandeln i vikt (2006) Källa: UNCTAD (2008)

  43. CO2 emissions by sector and the transport sector Källor: IEA (2011) och OECD (2010b)

  44. Emission intensity for different modes CO2-utsläpp per ton-km Källa: Cristea m.fl. (2011)

  45. How does trade effect CO2 emissions? • Transports • Production: location, methods • Innovations and technical developments are spread

  46. A surgery Made in Sweden? A commute Made in Hong Kong?

  47. Swedish trade with other EU countries Exports 61 % Imports 72 %

  48. Källa: SCB

  49. Källa: SCB

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