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A New Particle Detection Instrument for Space Weather Research with CubeSats

STEIN (SupraThermal Electrons, Ions & Neutrals). A New Particle Detection Instrument for Space Weather Research with CubeSats. David Glaser Space Physics Research Group Space Sciences Laboratory University of California, Berkeley. Overview. Introduction/Context Instrument Overview

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A New Particle Detection Instrument for Space Weather Research with CubeSats

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  1. STEIN (SupraThermal Electrons, Ions & Neutrals) A New Particle Detection Instrument for Space Weather Research with CubeSats David Glaser Space Physics Research Group Space Sciences Laboratory University of California, Berkeley Small Satellites Conference 2009

  2. Overview • Introduction/Context • Instrument Overview • Mechanical Design • Electrical Design • Modes of Operation • Concluding Remarks Small Satellites Conference 2009

  3. Introduction Small Satellites Conference 2009

  4. UCB/SSL • UC Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory • Founded in 1959 • Extensive Experience in Space Weather Research • Sounding Rockets and Balloons • Instruments for >100 NASA Missions • PI for EUVE, CHIPS, FAST, RHESSI & THEMIS Small Satellites Conference 2009

  5. CINEMA Mission CubeSat for Ions, Neutrals, Electrons, and MAgnetic fields PI Robert Lin Mission Built Around a Concept for a New Particle Detector Called STEIN NSF Funded (Awarded Aug.2009) Small Satellites Conference 2009

  6. CINEMA Mission • As Proposed: • 3 Identical 3U CubeSats • 1 NSF Funded • 2 Funded by Kyung Hee Univ., S. Korea • High Inclination LEO • Ecliptic-Normal Spinner • Launch Vehicle – TBD • 2 Science Instruments • Particle Detector • 3-Axis Magnetometer • (Imperial College London) Small Satellites Conference 2009

  7. Particle Detectors in Space • Used For the Majority of Space Missions • Need Small, Low Power Instruments, Especially for Multi-Spacecraft Space Physics Missions NASA/JPL FAST THEMIS Ulysses NASA/JPL Small Satellites Conference 2009

  8. Comparison with ESAs Electrostatic Analyzer (ESA) ~3 kg ~3 W Power STEIN 0.40 kg 0.55 W Power Small Satellites Conference 2009

  9. STEIN - Scientific Merit • Measures Electrons, Ions, and Energetic Neutral Atoms • Very Low Energy Threshold • High Energy Resolution Cutting Edge Science Small Satellites Conference 2009

  10. Instrument Overview Small Satellites Conference 2009

  11. SSD Detector New Silicon Semiconductor Detector • Low Energy Threshold (1-2 keV) • ~1 keV Energy Resolution • Sensitive to Electrons, Ions, and Neutrals (But Can’t Separate) • 4 x 1 Pixel Array • Flight Heritage: STEREO Mission STE Instrument (SupraThermal Electrons) Small Satellites Conference 2009

  12. STE STEIN STE + = STEIN Electrostatic Deflection STE – SupraThermal Electrons STEIN – SupraThermal Electrons, Ions, and Neutrals Small Satellites Conference 2009

  13. How STEIN Works • Collimator • ± 2000 V Field Separates Electrons, Ions, and Neutrals to ~20 keV • Particle Attenuator (Blocks 99% of Particles) Small Satellites Conference 2009

  14. Instrument Subsystems • Mechanical • Electronics

  15. STEIN Attenuator Overcenter Cam Mechanism Mechanism Heritage from THEMIS Mission Small Satellites Conference 2009

  16. Assembly Attenuator Mechanism is Modular Small Satellites Conference 2009

  17. Electronics Flow Chart C&DHS Instrument Digital Electronics (FPGA) Control High Voltage Power Supply Power 150 V ±2000 V Science Data Detector Signal Processing Electrostatic Deflection ~8 V Bus Voltage Low Voltage Power Supply 5 V Small Satellites Conference 2009

  18. Signal Processing Only ~1 c/s noise Diagram For One Pixel Small Satellites Conference 2009

  19. Modes of Operation Small Satellites Conference 2009

  20. Modes of Operation Small Satellites Conference 2009

  21. Status & Future of STEIN Small Satellites Conference 2009

  22. Status & Future Plans • Spring 2009 - Attenuator Mechanism Successfully Tested • Summer 2009 – Instrument Testing Began • Fall 2009 - Complete Testing of Prototype • Fall 2009 - Finalize Flight Design • Early 2010 - Begin Fabrication of Flight Units Small Satellites Conference 2009

  23. Final Thoughts • Small, Low Power Particle Detectors Are Needed. • STEIN is Small and Low Power. • STEIN Detects Electrons, Ions, and Neutrals, with Low Energy Threshold and High Energy Resolution. • STEIN will pave the way for Magnetospheric Constellations with many satellites making multi-point observations. Small Satellites Conference 2009

  24. Visit us at: http://ssl.berkeley.edu For more information: David Glaser – dglaser(at)ssl.berkeley.edu Science Questions: Jasper Halekas – jazzman(at)ssl.berkeley.edu Small Satellites Conference 2009

  25. Back-up slides Small Satellites Conference 2009

  26. STEIN Specifications Small Satellites Conference 2009

  27. Science Objectives *Energetic Neutral Atoms Small Satellites Conference 2009

  28. Modes of Operation Small Satellites Conference 2009

  29. Data Format Small Satellites Conference 2009

  30. Deflection Modes Small Satellites Conference 2009

  31. Magnetic Storms Magnetic Storms and Storm-Time Ring Current Small Satellites Conference 2009

  32. Magnetic Storms STEIN Will Measure the Storm-Time Ring Current Via ENA Imaging Image Credit: SWRI ENA Image of Ring Current NASA IMAGE Mission __ keV ENA map from STE instrument on STEREO (same detector as STEIN) ___ keV Small Satellites Conference 2009

  33. Charged Particles High Latitude Charged Particle Precipitation • In-Situ Measurements of ~4-100 KeV ion • Remotely sense ion precipitation with Energetic Neutral Atoms (ENAs) NASA/GSFC Small Satellites Conference 2009

  34. Electron microburst observed by Korean STSAT-1 Electron Microbursts Electron Microbursts 1 Second Electron Microbursts (0.10 – 0.25 sec) Cause Unknown Small Satellites Conference 2009

  35. Charge Exchange ENERGETIC NEUTRAL ATOM (ENA) ENERGETIC ION Image Credit SWRI A magnetically trapped ion captures an electron from a neutral hydrogen atom... …creating an energetic neutral atom (ENA) that is no longer trapped. Small Satellites Conference 2009

  36. STE ENA Map Angular distribution as a function of source direction centered at noon (left) and midnight (right ) on Nov. 6, 2006. STE downstream sensors looked in the magnetotail direction close to midnight and detected larger fluxes than upstream sensors looking towards the Earth (the Earth’s horizon is indicated by red curve). The blue curves show the iso-pitch-angle contours of the local magnetic field. The black curves show the magnetic field lines at dusk, midnight and dawn. Small Satellites Conference 2009

  37. Charged Particles Storm time particle precipitation Oct 13, 2004 Trapped electrons ExB drift Precipitating electrons Korean STSAT-1 - SSL, Berkeley - Small Satellites Conference 2009

  38. Multi-Satellite Science Separation Speed: 1m/min 1 d: 1.4 km 10 d: 14 km 1 m: 42 km 1y: 504 km Spatial or Time Variation “Is it local acceleration?” Small Satellites Conference 2009

  39. Deflection System Design Edge Pixel Center Pixel 20 keV No Signal in Center Pixel Below ~20 keV Simulated Data Small Satellites Conference 2009 Sweeping Voltage Selects for Different Particle Energies Plate Size and Gap Selected to Balance Deflection and Sensitivity Present Design Separates Charged Particles from Neutrals up to ~20 keV

  40. SSD Detector • Low Capaciance • Thin Window Dead Layer • Passively Cooled • Pulse-Height Detection Electronics • Detector Area: 4 x 0.1 cm2 • Electrons: ~2-40 keV • Ions: ~4-40 keV • Neutrals: ~4-20 keV • Resolution: ~<1 keV FWHM Small Satellites Conference 2009

  41. STEIN Housing Single Piece of Machined Aluminum Small Satellites Conference 2009

  42. Collimator • 60° x 40° Aperture • Baffles • Cu plated BeCu • Blackened Small Satellites Conference 2009

  43. Deflection Plates Copper Epoxied to G10 Ebanol C Surface Treatment Small Satellites Conference 2009

  44. NanoMuscle Actuator • Uses Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) Wire • Stroke: 3 mm • Rated Force: 125 gf Small Satellites Conference 2009

  45. Over-Center Mechanism Over-Center Cam Mechanism Small Satellites Conference 2009

  46. Testing Electronics Box STEIN STEIN with 3-Axis Manipulator Small Satellites Conference 2009

  47. Preliminary Test Results 15 keV Electron Data Counts/Sec, Angle = 0° At > ±300 V All Particles Deflected to One Edge Pixel (Except for Scattering) Small Satellites Conference 2009

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