Population Overview How is human population distributed and concentrated?

1. Population Overview How is human population distributed and concentrated? Population Growth and Change Measures for population change Population Structure Population pyramids Theories on Variation in Population Growth Malthus and the Transition Theory Case Studies China’s One Child Policy Kerala, India and Social Justice

2. Moscow, Russia Jaipur, India

3. 1900=2 billion 1965=3.3 billion 2000=6 billion 2011=7 billion

4. Where is Human Population Distributed?

5. World Population Cartogram, 1900 Note: the size of Japan’s and China’s populations. Also note the size of Europe’s population—what happens to it over the next 50 years?

6. World Population Cartogram, 2000 This cartogram provides a good image of the current distribution of human population on earth. Are you surprised by the size of the population in any particular region or country?

7. World Population Cartogram, 2050 (projected) This cartogram illustrates the human population as it will most likely be in 2050. What regions have lost population? Any surprises? Notice what has happened to China’s population since 1900.

8. Another view of the World’s Population Cartogram • This cartogram clearly illustrates which countries have the largest populations. What region of the world clearly dominates in human population numbers? Which regions have the fewest people?

10. Where is human population concentrated? Major Clusters: East Asia (1/4 of world’s population) South Asia (1/4 of world’s population) Europe Southeast Asia (600 million)

11. How is population density calculated? Arithmetic Density Simple calculation of persons/land area Physiological Density Explains uneven distribution of humans across Earth

12. Agricultural Density Reflects differences in economic conditions.

14. Population Growth and Change: Natural Increase Rate

15. Natural Increase Rates

16. Crude Birth Rate: Births per 1,000 Crude Death Rate: Deaths per 1,000

17. World Population Doubling Times

18. Total Fertility Rates (TFR): average number of children per childbearing years per woman Niger: 7.16 South Korea: 1.23 Mali: 6.35 Singapore: 0.78 Italy: 1.40

20. Population Pyramids: reflect the structure of a population Dependency and Sex Ratios

21. Japan’s Changing Population Pyramid

22. View the interactive population pyramid for Australia at: • http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/home/Population%20Pyramid%20-%20Australia • Note the changes for Australia’s population by 2056—what age group will be largest? • Or an animated population pyramid for Germany: • http://vimeo.com/7687560 • How has Germany’s population significantly changed since 1950 and what challenges will these changes bring for the country

23. Dependency Ratios

24. Sex Ratios

25. What explains variations in population growth? What is the future of human population growth?

26. Was Malthus Correct?

28. Demographic Transition Theory: Stage 1: Low Growth Stage 2: High Growth Stage 3: Slowing Growth Stage 4: Low Growth

29. England’s Demographic Transition: What causes death rates to drop in 1750?

30. Cape Verde’s Population Pyramid and Demographic Transition

31. Chile’s Population Pyramid and Demographic Transition

32. Denmark’s Population Pyramid and Demographic Transition

33. CBR Declines 1990-2012

34. Why no transition in some countries? What are the social and economic conditions that lead to large families?

37. I CAN’T GET A DATE!! “As a result, approximately 30 million more men than women will reach Adulthood and enter China’s mating market by 2020.” CNN

38. Fareed Zakaria on China’s “Looming Demographic Catastrophe” http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/14/opinion/china-challenges-one-child-brooks

39. Case Study: Kerala, India • Successful Demographic Transition with the Optimist Approach • One of the lowest birth rates in India • But a largely agriculturally based society, largely poor and rural • Achieved not through strict population policy, but through a program of Social Justice • Emphasis on education—for both boys and girls • Emphasis on health—lowering the IMR, keeping women healthy • Emphasis on rural development—bringing jobs and income to people in rural areas, rather than having families split by migration as one member travels to the nearest city to find work. • Read more on Kerala: • http://www.ashanet.org/library/articles/kerala.199803.html • http://www.indiatogether.org/2008/mar/opi-kerala.htm

40. The Kerala Model

41. Case Study: Bangladesh Muhammed Yunus and the recipient of a microloan. • Bangladesh has not seen much improvement in literacy or wealth • However, 56% of women were using contraception in 2011 (just 30 years ago only 6% were) • How did this transformation occur? It seems to contradict the traditional explanations for lowering fertility rates. • Read about the role of microloans, specifically through the Grameen Bank, in changing women’s financial circumstances: • The Grameen Bank: Bank for the Poor • Muhammad Yunus, Founder of the Grameen Bank • The Economist: Bangladesh & Development • New York Times: Bangladesh, Still Poor, Cuts Birth Rate Sharply