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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. How Animals Stay Alive?. Digestion 消化. Respiration 呼吸. Circulation 循環. Life activities. Water Balance 水分的平衡. Excretion 排泄. Coordination 協調. Pg. 115. L1 動物如何攝食及消化食物 ?. Pg. 116.  Different animals have different ways of getting food.

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 How Animals Stay Alive? Digestion 消化 Respiration 呼吸 Circulation 循環 Life activities Water Balance 水分的平衡 Excretion 排泄 Coordination 協調 Pg. 115

  2. L1 動物如何攝食及消化食物? Pg. 116 Different animals have different ways of getting food. Many animals that live in water get food by filtering, or straining, it.  filter feeding濾食 Ex: sponges, barnacles 藤壺, mollusks, even whales Fluid 液體、汁液 Feed on…以．．．為食物 Some animals get food from the fluids of plants or other animals. The fluids are rich in nutrients(養分). Ex: Aphids蚜蟲, cicadas蟬, nectar 花蜜, leeches水蛭

  3. Consuming Large Pieces Food Pg. 117 Animals that eat plants are known as herbivores(草食動物). Ex: grasshopper蚱蜢, termite白蟻, beetle甲蟲 Animals that eat other animals are called carnivores(肉食動物). Ex:dragonfly蜻蜓, praying mantis螳螂  Vertebrates are the only animals that have teeth. Chisel鑿子

  4. Digesting Food Pg. 118 Secrete 分泌: 形成並釋放, 或是發散 Enzyme 酵素: 一種可以加速化學變化的物質 Gastrovascular cavity消化循環腔: 一有單一出口的消化空間  The process of breaking down food into small chemicals is digestion. Sponge在細胞內消化食物, 這有什麼壞處(drawback)? Most other animals digest their food outside of cells. Gastrovascular cavity Single opening: the mouth

  5. Pg. 119 Digestive Tracts 消化管(道) 一個兩端都有開口的管狀的消化空間 Animals that are more developed have a digestive tract. 較為進化的動物有消化管 The main functions of digestive tracts are 1storing food儲存食物, 2digesting food消化食物, and 3absorbing nutrients吸收養分. 沙囊 食道 腸 嗉囊 肛門

  6. L2 Respiration & Circulation 呼吸和循環 Pg. 123 The process of gas exchange is called respiration. Animals respire, or take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide, in different ways. Gas Exchange in Simple Animals  Diffusion擴散 分子由濃度高處 往濃度低處移動 水中的氧氣濃度高於生物 體內細胞的氧氣濃度

  7. Gas Exchange in Other Animals Pg. 124 大多數動物並不是只有兩層細胞的厚度，他們的 細胞並不能直接和外在環境進行氣體交換。他們 必須有一個特別的器官來進行氣體交換的工作。 生活在水裡的動物通常都有gills Feathery structure Other animals: Lung Insects: 使用一管狀系統將空氣帶入體內， 這些管子的入口遍佈昆蟲全身，且有許多細小 分支幾乎到達所有的細胞。

  8. Pg. 125 Circulatory Systems 循環系統 : moves blood through the body Flowing in a circle A set of tubes  blood vessels Pump(s)  hearts Annelid: 環節動物 The blood stays inside vessels at all times. The blood flows slowly through the spaces and makes direct contact with cells.

  9. Vertebrate Circulatory Systems Pg. 126 Fish: 1 atrium, 1 ventricle 右心房 Amphibians & reptiles: 2 atrium, 1 ventricle 右心室 Birds, mammals, and Some reptiles: 2 atrium, 2 ventricles. Chamber 腔室

  10. L3 水分的平衡與廢物 Pg. 128 Excrete 排泄 Seawater = water + salt Fluids of animals contain water and salt Fluid: more salt, lower water concentration Review: Osmosis It can cause problems if too much water gets into an animal How do most sea invertebrates avoid getting too much water in their bodies? How about cartilage fish? How about bony fish, whose body fluid have a higher water concentration than seawater?

  11. Water Balance in Freshwater淡水 Pg. 129 生活在淡水中的動物有太多的水流入他們身體, why? How do they deal with this? 淡水動物利用特別的器官來移除過量的物質或是 過多的水，例如扁蟲類動物在他們全身佈滿了小 小管子，這些管子連通到一種叫做flame cell焰細胞 的構造。Flame cell會收集flatworm體內多餘的水分, 其中的cilia會沿著管子推動水分子, 水會從體壁上 的開口(孔)離開。 Flame cell 焰細胞

  12. Freshwater bony fish & bony fish in the sea have opposite problems. To get rid of the excess water, the fish use their kidney to excrete urine尿. 注意淡水魚對鹽分的攝取 與排出是從何處? urine Kidney腎 Pg. 129

  13. Water Balance on Land Pg. 130-131 陸地上的動物擔心的是什麼呢?Dry out! So, animals have ways to limit water loss. But HOW? Land snail? Insect? Reptiles, birds, mammals? The entire body of a land animal cannot be watertight. Animals need to respire. 氣體交換、 尿液、糞便、及流汗也會讓動物失去水分。 Drinking water!!! Kangaroo rat? Excreting Wastes Ammonia 氨NH3 Kidney是mammals & birds維持水分平衡的主要器官

  14. Pg. 133 Endocrine System L4協調身體的活動 內分泌 Nervous System Coordinate: work together Chemical Hormone 荷爾蒙 Specificity:專一性 Endocrine System Vasopressin垂體後葉荷爾蒙 Hormone的作用是緩 慢進行的，例如青蛙 變成蝌蚪的這個變態的 過程，就是由於hormone的作用。 循環系統 腺體 Hormone一定是從腺體分泌 之後作用到細胞或器官上。 荷爾蒙和其作用的 細胞有專一性

  15. Nervous System Pg. 134 The nervous system carries its messages directly to parts of the body. 不需要循環系統幫助 impulse 神經衝動 neurotransmitter 神經傳導物質 Impulses travel quickly along nerve cells. 120 m/sec The nervous system is suited to control activities that happen quickly.

  16. Invertebrate Nervous Systems Pg. 135 Except for sponges, all animals have a nervous system. Cnidarians: nerve net Flatworms, segmented worms, & arthropods具有可以 感覺環境的構造；如眼睛和觸鬚，也有clusters of nerve cells (就像個簡單的腦的構造) Invertebrate中，squids & octopuses有最發達的神經系統

  17. Pg. 136 The Vertebrate Nervous System Central nervous system: brain & spinal cord (CNS) Peripheral nervous system: nerves (PNS) skull Bones protect the brain & the spinal cord. backbone Nerves pass through holes in the skull and backbone.

  18. Pg. 137 Comparing Vertebrate Brains Cerebrum大腦 Cerebrum掌控 thought, memory, & learning. The more nerve cells an animal has, the more it can learn and remember. Chapter 6 Review: 11~18 BACD BDAB

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