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Abbreviations. letter(s) or shortened word used instead of a full word or phrase For example: ‘Isn’t’ instead of ‘Is not’. Accent. the features of pronunciation which indicate the regional or the social identity of a speaker. Adjectives.
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Abbreviations letter(s) or shortened word used instead of a full word or phraseFor example: ‘Isn’t’ instead of ‘Is not’
Accent the features of pronunciation which indicate the regional or the social identity of a speaker
Adjectives a word which modifies a noun or a pronoun For example: ‘The huge giant’
Adverbs a word which modifies a verb, an adverb, or an adjective For example: ‘The boy walked slowly’
Alliteration the repetition of consonant sounds - usually at the beginning of words For example, ‘a tapestry of talents’
Antitheses the placing of opposite meanings together, For example: ‘My only love sprung from my only hate!’
Apostrophes a raised comma used to denote either possession or contraction For example: ‘Brian’s ipod’ or ‘That’s’ instead of ‘That is’.
Articles a word that specifies whether a noun is definite or indefinite For example: ‘The woman’ (definite article) or ‘A woman’ (Indefinite article)
Assonance the repetition of vowel sounds For example, ‘Rocks writhe back to sight’
Audience the person or persons receiving a speech or piece of writingFor example: students in a classroom; M.Ps in the House of Commons; a teenage television audience etc.
Back-channelling is a way of showing a speaker that you are following what they are saying and understand, often through interjectionsFor example, ‘I see’, yes’, ‘OK’and ‘uhu’.
Balanced phrases Phrases in which the end seems to finish or complete the beginning. For example, ‘To have and to hold’
Brackets curved or square punctuation marks enclosing words inserted into a text For example: ‘I hobbled to the shops (I had twisted me ankle that morning) so that I could buy some milk.’
Capitals upper-case letters used to indicate names, titles, and important words
Clauses a structural unit of language which is smaller than the sentence but larger than phrases or words, and which contains a finite verb
Cliché an over-used phrase or expression For example: ‘Wish you were here.’
Closed question invites a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer For example: ‘Have you seen it?’
Colons a punctuation mark introducing more informationFor example: ‘Things so look for: sharp claws, thick fur, flaring nostrils and long tail.’
Commas a punctuation mark indicating the break between and main and subordinate clause or separating short items in a list For example: ‘The man walked down the street, as if he was in a great hurry.’ Or ‘I need to buy apples, bananas, pasta, tomato sauce and biscuits.’
Conjunction a word which connects words or other constructions For example: ‘and’ ‘or’ ‘because’
Consonant an alphabetic element other than a vowel For example: c, b, n, r, t etc.
Context the setting in which speech or writing takes placeFor example: on the web; in the classroom; on television etc.
Dialect a form of speech peculiar to a district, class, or person. It refers to the distinctive use of vocabulary and grammatical structures.
Ellipsis the omission of words from a sentence For example: ‘I really don’t know what to say... I guess...’
Emotive words words which are used deliberately to create an emotional response in the reader/listener.For example: ‘our brave lads’ rather than ‘the soldiers’
Figure of speech expressive use language in non-literal form to produce striking effect For example: ‘As sharp as a razor’ (Simile); ‘The cat’s pyjamas’ (Metaphor)
Formal address addressing another person in a polite way to show respect For example: ‘Sir Alan Sugar’
Full stop a punctuation mark indicating the end of a sentence For example: ‘The man walked down the street.’
Function the role language plays to express ideas or attitudesFor example: to persuade; to inform; to explain etc.
Grammar the study of sentence structure, especially with reference to syntax and morphology
Homonyms words with the same spelling or sound but with different meanings For example: ‘There’/ ‘Their’/ ‘They’re’
Hyphen a short horizontal mark used to connect words or syllables, or to divide words into parts For example: ‘jet-lagged’
Idiolect a person’s own personal language, the words they choose and any other features that characterise their speech and writing. Some people have distinctive features in their language; these would be part of their idiolect, their individual linguistic choices and idiosyncrasies.
Informal address addressing someone in a more casual way to show a family or equal relationship For example: ‘Mum’ or ‘mate’
Irony saying [or writing] one thing, whilst meaning the opposite For example: ‘It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.’
Intonation the use of pitch in speech to create contrast and variation
Jargon the technical language of an occupation or groupFor example: ‘plenary’ (Education); ‘ISAs’ (banking)
Language change the development and changes in a language
Leading question A question which already implies something For example: ‘Have you stopped taking bribes?’
Lexis the vocabulary of a language, especially in dictionary form
Metaphor a figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another For example: ‘The cat’s pyjamas’
Morphology a branch of grammar which studies the structure of words
Narrator the person (named or unknown) who is telling a story
Noun a word which names an object For example: ‘cat’, ‘boy’, ‘London’ etc.
Onomatopoeia a word that sounds like the thing it describes For example, ‘the sound of feet drumming the earth’
Open question invites an unpredictable response ‘What do you think of it?’
Oxymoron a figure of speech which yokes two contradictory terms For example: ‘fuzzy logic’
Paradox a figure of speech in which an apparent contradiction contains a truthFor example: ‘I know that I know nothing.’
Paragraph a distinct passage of writing which is unified by an idea or a topic
Parenthesis a word, clause or even sentence which is inserted into a sentence to which it does not grammatically belong. It is usually separated by either commas, brackets or dashes. Parenthesis usually shows an aside or interruption to the text/speech.For example: I enjoy visiting Cornwall (even when it is raining) in September.
