Explaining why something happened . . .

2. Cause-and- Effect Essay Explaining why something happened . . . From Reading to WritingIn Stephen King’s teleplay Sorry, Right Number, a mysterious phone call sets off a chain of events. Not until the end of the story does King reveal the cause of the call itself.

3. Cause-and- Effect Essay Explaining why something happened . . . Examining causes and effects is one way to make sense of the world, and you can explore and share your understanding by writing a cause-and-effect essay. You can use this type of writing to show why something happens, how events are linked, or the consequences of an action.

4. B a s i c s i n a B o x Cause-and-Effect Essay at a Glance Standards for Writing RUBRIC Introduction A successful cause-and-effect essay should Introduce the subject • clearly state the cause-and- effect relationship being examined • provide any necessary background information • make the relationship between causes and effects clear • arrange details logically and include transitions to show relationships between effects and causes • summarize the cause-and-effect relationship in the conclusion Body Describe the cause and its effects* cause effect effect effect Conclusion Summary *or may present an effect and then analyze the causes

5. Prewriting 1 Writing Your Cause-and-Effect Essay Find out the cause of this effect. William Shakespeare, English playwright and poet

6. Prewriting 1 Writing Your Cause-and-Effect Essay • Brainstorm with friends about things that cause you to ask “Why does that happen?” or “What happens after that?” • Make sure you find a topic that really interests you. • Once you have decided on a topic, follow these steps.

7. Planning Your Cause-and-Effect Essay 1. Think about the relationship between events. Are they really linked by cause and effect? Just because one event follows another in time doesn’t necessarily mean that the first event caused the second. 2. Explore causes and effects. Does a single cause have one effect or many? Is an effect the result of multiple causes or only one? Is there a causal chain in which a cause produces an effect, which becomes the cause of another effect, and so on?

8. Planning Your Cause-and-Effect Essay 3. Identify your audience. What do they already know about the events you’re describing? What background information or explanation of terms will you need to include in your essay? 4. Gather supporting information. What details will support your analysis of causes and effects? What sources of information can you draw on—observation, research, or your own imagination and reflection?

9. Drafting 2 Writing Your Cause-and-Effect Essay • Use drafting as a way to explore and figure out causes and effects. • Concentrate on just getting your ideas down on paper. • Clearly state the cause-and-effect relationship you are examining.

10. Drafting 2 Writing Your Cause-and-Effect Essay • Include details to support your statements. • Organize your ideas into a coherent pattern. You might show a single cause leading to multiple effects or multiple causes leading to a single effect.

11. 3 Writing Your Cause-and-Effect Essay Revising TARGET SKILL USING TRANSITIONAL WORDS AND PHRASES Transitional words and phrases can help you clearly explain the relationships between causes and effects. Choose from words such as before, after, therefore, consequently, because, since, as a result,and for this reason.

12. 4 Writing Your Cause-and-Effect Essay Editing and Proofreading TARGET SKILL CLAUSES AS FRAGMENTS A cause-and-effect essay should clarify ideas. However, using clauses that are not complete sentences can confuse your readers. Many times, your can fix a fragment by joining it to another sentence.