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Unit 7, Section 3

Unit 7, Section 3 . Civil Rights Movement Begins. Background to Civil Rights Movement. 1909 – Formation of NAACP Legal efforts under Thurgood Marshall (1938 – 61) Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters – A. Phillip Randolph First labor union led by Blacks

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Unit 7, Section 3

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  1. Unit 7, Section 3 Civil Rights Movement Begins

  2. Background to Civil Rights Movement • 1909 – Formation of NAACP • Legal efforts under Thurgood Marshall (1938 – 61) • Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters – A. Phillip Randolph First labor union led by Blacks • Becomes powerful Civil Rights force in late 30’s – early 40’s • Jackie Robinson - baseball

  3. The Segregation System Background: Segregation in the Southern states was the norm until the 1950’s • Plessy v. Ferguson (1890) had established doctrine of “separate but equal” • Southern states passed Jim Crow laws legally separating the races – segregation • 14th and 15th Amendments ignored – local laws enforced • Racial prejudice also existed in the North

  4. Jim Crow Laws

  5. Developing Civil Rights Movement • World War II sets stage for movement • African Americans had served valiantly in the war (Truman later integrates military) • African Americans had skillfully filled jobs • Civil Rights organizations begin organizing

  6. Brown v. Board of Education • Brown v. Board of Education – Warren Court overturns Plessy v. Ferguson (1954) • Many Southern states resist school integration • Little Rock Nine are refused entry to Little Rock Central High School by Governor and National Guard(1957) • President Eisenhower sends in Federal Troops; takes control of Arkansas National Guard • 1957 Civil Rights Act puts enforcement of desegregation under federal control

  7. Little Rock Nine

  8. Rosa Parks and Montgomery • Rosa Parks, African American woman refuses to give up her bus seat to a white passenger • Parks is arrested for stand, event begins Montgomery bus boycott • Led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. • Young pastor from local church • Boycott lasts 381 days • 1956 – Supreme Court outlaws bus segregation

  9. Emergence of MLK • With Montgomery, Martin Luther King becomes major leader of Civil Rights Movement • Non-violent resistance inspired by Gandhi • Civil Disobedience inspired by Thoreau • Massive Demonstration inspired by A. Phillip Randolph • Idea is to win public support through peaceful protests • Founds SCLC, • SNCC is founded by students at Shaw University in Raleigh

  10. The Civil Rights Movement Peaks

  11. The Sit-In Movement 1 • (1960) Four African-American students from NC A&T stage sit-in at segregated Woolworth’s Lunch counter in Greensboro • Television crews capture scene • SNCC sit-ins spread to 48 cities • Favorable attention to movement nationwide

  12. 2 3

  13. Freedom Riders 4 • 1956, Supreme Court bans bus segregation on interstate buses • Freedom Riders buses into deep South to test decision (1961) • Met with violence in Alabama, including a bomb • JFK sends Federal Marshalls to escort riders from Montgomery to Jackson, Mississippi

  14. Integrating Universities • African-American James Meredith wins federal case to attend Ole Miss • JFK orders Federal Marshalls to escort him to class over Governor’s resistance • Rioting and violence occurs • Alabama Governor George Wallace refuses to integrate University of Alabama – literally blocks door himself • JFK uses military force to integrate • JFK demands Congress pass Civil Rights Bill (1963)

  15. Birmingham • Birmingham, Alabama had strict segregationist policies, history of racial violence • Seen as ultimate testing grounds for movement • April, 1963, MLK is arrested in Birmingham; protestors are met with violent police crackdown • TV cameras broadcasts scenes to nation; protests, boycotts and nationwide outcry for city to integrate

  16. March on Washington • JFK’s Civil Rights Bill in Congress • 100th Anniversary of Emancipation Proclamation, August, 1963 • March on Washington organized • 250,000 Americans gather at Lincoln Memorial to promote Civil Rights • MLK gives famous “I have a Dream”Speech

  17. Civil Rights and the Law • July, 1964, LBJ signs CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 • Bans segregation in employment and public • Enlarges Federal Power to enforce desegregation • 24th Amendment of 1964 abolishes poll taxes • Freedom Summer of 1964 attempts to register Black Mississippi voters • Met with violence • Violence in Selma, Alabama as SCLC and SNCC march for voting rights • Voting Rights Act of 1965 eliminates literacy tests, allows federal election overseers – huge victory

  18. From http://www.learnnc.org • From http://www.bigstory.ap.org • Ibid. • From http://www.npr.org

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