Nervous and Sensory Systems

1. Nervous and Sensory Systems By: Shelby, shelbi, and tyler

2. Description – Nervous System • Can be found everywhere in the body • Controls everything we do • Nerves – “transmit” or carry messages to one nerve to the next • Spinal cord – the peripheral nerves pick up information about the body and send messages through the spinal cord to the brain; connects the nerves in the body to the brain

3. Function of the Nervous System • Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves • CNS is the brain and spinal cord • PNS is cranial and spinal nerves • Controls all of our body functions • Conscious and unconscious actions • Functions by electrical impulses • Controls neurons (sensory cells) • Neurons make up the conducting tissue of the nervous system • The connective tissue that supports and protects the nervous tissue is the neuroglia • Transfers information throughout the body through impulses called nerve impulses • These impulses are received and sent by the neurons

4. Organs, Tissues, Cells Nervous System Sensory System Nerves Spinal Cord Brain Tongue Skin Eyes Ears Nose

5. Diseases of the Nervous System - Hydrocephalus • Usually occurs at birth but can be prenatal and can occur in adults as the result of infections or tumors • CAUSE: • Overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain • EFFECT: • Irritability, seizures, sleepiness, vomiting, changes in memory, muscle spasticity, personality changes, headache • Depends on the cause of the blockage, the person’s age, and how much brain tissue has been damaged by the swelling • TREATMENT: • Drainage of the fluid using a shunt

6. Diseases of the Nervous System – Parkinson’s Disease • Degenerative disease process (associated with aging) that affects the basal ganglia of the brain • CAUSE: • Deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine • EFFECT: • Expressionless face, unmodulated voice, increasing tendency to stoop, shuffling walk • Spontaneous movements • Tremors • Usually in the hand, then spreads to the leg on the same side and then to the other limbs; most profound in resting limbs (ex: holding a cup • TREATMENT: • Drugs that increase the levels of dopamine in the brain • Treatment helps relieve symptoms but does not cure the disease

7. Diseases of the Nervous System – Multiple Sclerosis • CAUSE: • Myelin sheaths surrounding nerves in the brain and spinal cord are damaged • Underlying cause of nerve damage is unknown • EFFECT: • Scattered symptoms including: • Unsteady gait and shaky movement of the limbs • Rapid involuntary movements of the eyes • Defects in speech pronunciation • Inflammation of the optic nerve • TREATMENT: • Medications to slow progression • Physical therapy • Healthy lifestyle

8. Terminology (Nervous) Word Root Medical Term Cerebell/o Cerebr/o Cervic/o Crain/o Meningi Myel/o Neur/i,o Vertebr/o Cerebellum Cerebrum Cervical Skull/head Meninges Spinal Cord/ bone marrow Nerve Vertebrae

9. Abbreviations (Nervous) Abbreviation meaning CNS EEG CSF CVD CVA MS TIA Central nervous system Electroencephalogram Cerebrospinal fluid Cerebrovascular Disease Cerebrovascularaccedent(stroke) Multiple sclerosis Transient ischemic attack

10. Description – Sensory System • Can be found everywhere in the body • Five senses, sensory receptors, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception • Sensory receptors – involve taste and smell, responds to a stimulus in the internal or external environment • Neural pathways – receive information from the dendrites or cell bodies

11. Function of the Sensory System • Senses detect stimuli from the external and internal environment • Sight – the eye • sending nerve impulses along sensory neurons to the brain • Hearing and Equilibrium – the ear • Hearing and balance • Touch, Pain, and Temperature – the skin • The skin’s layers sense touch, pressure, pain, and hot and cold temperatures • Smell – the nose • The sense of smell is activated by receptors located at the top of the nasal cavity • The receptors are nerve cells covered with hairlike cilia that send messages about smell to the brain • Taste – the tongue and oral cavity • Taste buds are organs that sense the taste of food • Different parts of the tongue contain concentrations of receptors for each of the taste sensations • Some receptors sense the texture, odor, and temperature of food • If food is too hot, spicy, or cold, some pain receptors are activated

12. Diseases of the Sensory System - Conjunctivitis • Also known as pinkeye • High infectious inflammation of the conjunctiva • CAUSE: • To prevent the spread of the infection, you should wash your hands thoroughly and use separate towels and washcloths from others in your home • Old or borrowed eye makeup •  EFFECT: • Eyes become red and irritated and have a burning feeling • Sometimes pus is visible in the eyes and causes the eyelids to stick together •  TREATMENT: • Antibiotic eye drops or ointments are used for treatment

13. Diseases of the Sensory System - Deafness •  CAUSE: • Lessening of vibrations in the ear causes conductive hearing loss • Abnormal wax buildup, earwax plug, hardening of the bone of the ear, infection, or foreign body obstruction can produce conductive hearing loss • Lesions or dysfunction of the parts of the ear necessary to hearing can cause sensory hearing loss • EFFECT: • Partial or total hearing loss • Diminished or lessened hearing •  TREATMENT: • Difficult to correct but cochlear implants have been used with much success • Hearing aids

14. Diseases of the Sensory System - Otitis • An inflammation and/or infection of the middle ear and is more commonly known as an ear infection • Occurs often in children •  CAUSE: • Most often is caused by an upper respiratory infection • May result in blockage of the Eustachian tube by fluid •  EFFECT: • Causes pain and temporary hearing loss • In severe cases the tympanic membrane can rupture •  TREATMENT: • Treatment includes oral antibiotics, nasal decongestants, and antihistamines

15. Terminology Word Meaning Cerebellum Cerebrum Cervical Caniostomy Meningitis Myelogram Neuralgia Neuron Vertebral Posterior part of the brain Largest part of the brain Pertaining to the neck Creation of an opening in the skull Inflammation of the meninges X-Ray of the spine Nerve pain Nerve Cell Pertaining to the vertebrae

16. Terminology (Sensory) Word Root Medical Term Audi/o Conjuctiv/o Esthe/o Myring/o Ocul/o Ot/o Retin/o Gloss/o Hear Conjuctivia Sensation Eardrum Eye Ear Retina Tongue

17. Terminology Word Meaning Audiometer Conjunctivitis Anesthesia Myringotomy Intraocular Otoscopy Retinitis To measure hearing Pink Eye Without Sensation Incision of the eardrum Pertaining within the eye Examination of the ear Inflammation of the retina

18. Abbreviations (Sensory) Abbreviation Meaning OD OS PERRLA EENT ENT OM Oculus Dexter Oculus Sinister Pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation Eyes, Ears, Noise, Throat Ears, Noise, Throat Otitis media