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The Jeffersonian Revolution

Please check the name plate for your new seating assignment. We will keep these through the unit. Take out Class Notes #12 and turn in Homework #6 to the box if you have it completed. We will: *distribute and discuss first quarter grades

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The Jeffersonian Revolution

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  1. Please check the name plate for your new seating assignment. We will keep these through the unit. Take out Class Notes #12 and turn in Homework #6 to the box if you have it completed. We will: *distribute and discuss first quarter grades *identify and analyze issues that divided Federalists and Republicans *explain how Thomas Jefferson brought about a “revolution” in American politics and helped to expand the nation The Jeffersonian Revolution

  2. Two Visions for the Country Thomas Jefferson saw a future based on responsible citizen-farmers and an expanding agrarian republic Republicans found support in rural areas and especially in the South Alexander Hamilton envisioned a future based on urban elites and the growth of commerce and industry Federalists found support in major port cities and the North in general

  3. Conflict #1: National Debt & National Capital • In 1790, Congress refused to pass Hamilton’s debt assumption plan because of opposition from James Madison and other Southerners who thought it gave too much power to the national government • Once an ally of Hamilton in the ratification debate, Madison distrusted Hamilton’s views on executive power • Madison and other Southerners wanted the nation’s permanent capital located in the South • Jefferson helped work out the “Compromise of 1790” • Madison supported Hamilton’s debt plan in exchange for Hamilton’s pledge to support the choice of the Potomac as the site of the nation’s new capital

  4. Washington led 15,000 militia into western Pennsylvania and put an end to the rebellion, asserting the power of the national government Western Pennsylvania farmers rebelled against high excise taxes on whiskey in 1794 Federalists argued that national power must be asserted to demonstrate the new country’s stability and to make the point that challenges to government policy must be peaceful Republicans supported the farmers, arguing that the excise taxes were an unfair burden Conflict #2: The Whiskey Rebellion

  5. Federalists vs. Republicans • Turn to the last page of Class Notes #12 and take 10 minutes on your own to complete the questions in preparation for class discussion. Use the separate handout as a guide. • While you are working, first quarter materials will be returned to you. Keep Homework 5 and Focus 11 in your binder for this quarter (you’ll want to review them for our next quiz); remaining materials can be kept at home for review prior to the semester exam in January.

  6. American Political Parties “Conservatives” (Federalists, Whigs, & Republicans) “Liberals” (Democratic-Republicans & Democrats)

  7. Washington’s Farewell Address (1796) What was Washington’s advice as he left office? • "The unity of government...is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence...of your tranquility at home, your peace abroad; of your safety; of your prosperity; of that very liberty which you so highly prize." • “[Factionalism] serves to distract the Public Councils, and enfeeble the Public Administration....agitates the Community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms; kindles the animosity of one....against another....it opens the door to foreign influence and corruption... " • "It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world..."

  8. Factionalism Despite Washington’s advice, the presidential election of 1796 was the first in which the first two parties (Federalist and Republican) faced off against each other John Adams won the election on a very close vote (71 electoral votes to Jefferson’s 68) – under the terms of the Constitution, Jefferson became Vice-President, the only time that the President and Vice-President were from different parties

  9. Foreign Entanglements: Crisis with France • As war continued in Europe, Britain and France failed to respect American neutrality on the high seas, seizing ship cargoes and impressing(abducting) sailors into their navies • U.S. efforts to negotiate with the French resulted in the XYZ Affair(1797), in which the French demanded a bribe before they would even speak with American diplomats • Resulting anger at home led to an undeclared naval war with France (Quasi-War of 1798) and creation of the U.S. Navy and Marines • Washington and Hamilton were even called upon to lead a revived “wartime” army

  10. The Alien & Sedition Acts (1798) Federalists in Congress and President Adams responded to Republican criticisms and suspected disloyalty with passage of the Alien & Sedition Acts, which: (1) allowed expulsion of aliens suspected of subversion, (2) lengthened the residency requirement for naturalization as a citizen from 5 to 14 years, and (3) gave the federal government power to arrest and imprison anyone charged with sedition (aimed squarely at muzzling the Republican press) Republicans responded with the Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions (1798) asserting states’ rights to protect their citizens against tyrannical federal authority through nullification of bad federal laws

  11. Election of 1800 • The “rematch” presidential election campaign between Adams and Jefferson was one of the most contentious in America political history. • With your partner, take 10 minutes to examine the source assigned to you (either “A Providential Detection” or “Jefferson and Liberty”) and complete the accompanying questions. Be prepared to discuss your source with the class.

  12. “The Providential Detection” Close Reading Who is the man represented in the image? How do you know? What symbols or words stand out in the image? What do they represent? What is the overall tone or message of the image? Sourcing Who would you guess created this image? Is the source reliable? Contextualizing Why did the author create this image? Who was the intended audience? http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/images/vc136.jpg

  13. The Mazzei Letter:Why would the words below have been troubling to Federalists? Monticello April 24, 1796 My Dear Friend, …The aspect of our politics has wonderfully changed since you left us. In place of that noble love of liberty and republican government which carried us triumphantly thro' the war, an Anglican, monarchical and aristocratical party has sprung up, whose avowed object is to draw over us the substance as they have already done the forms of the British government. The main body of our citizens however remain true to their republican principles, the whole landed interest is with them, and so is a great mass of talents... Thomas Jefferson http://www.princeton.edu/~tjpapers/mazzei/transcription.html

  14. “Jefferson and Liberty”http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-h19sNJy_0 “The gloomy night before us lies, The reign of terror now is o'er; Its gags, inquisitors and spies, Its hordes of harpies are no more.” Chorus: “Rejoice, Columbia's sons, rejoice! To tyrants never bend the knee; But join with heart, and soul and voice For Jefferson and Liberty!”… • http://www.traditionalmusic.co.uk/song-midis/Jefferson_and_Liberty.htm Close Reading What words or phrases stand out in the song lyrics? What is the overall tone or message of the song? Sourcing Who would you guess created this song? Contextualizing Why was the song created? Who was the intended audience?

  15. Election of 1800 Results John Adams, 2nd U.S. President (1797-1801) Thomas Jefferson , 3rd U.S. President (1801-1809) and 2nd U.S. Vice-President (1797-1801) Aaron Burr, 3rd U.S. Vice-President (1801-1805) Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Vice Presidential Candidate (1800)

  16. The “Revolution” of 1800 • Republicans won both the presidency and control of Congress from Federalists – first peaceful transition of national power in our history • Support came from the South and West but Republicans also won New York’s electoral votes • Jefferson and Aaron Burr of New York (his presumed running mate for Vice-President) tied in electoral votes and it took a vote of the House of Representatives to break the tie in favor of TJ • Led to ratification of the 12th Amendment by 1804, which divided elector votes between presidential and vice-presidential candidates

  17. Jefferson’s Presidency • Jefferson served two terms (1801-1809) and worked to heal the political divisions of the country – what tone did he set in his first inaugural address? • http://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?keyindex=121742&chapterskeyindex=402485&keyconceptskeyindex=-1&sceneclipskeyindex=-1&location=local • As president, he: • Reduced the size of the federal government • Pardoned those sentenced under the Sedition Act • Cut the size of the military • Paid down America’s debt • Took a moderate course (not the radical that some Federalists thought he would be)

  18. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 Despite his views on limited executive power, Jefferson sent envoys to Paris to negotiate purchase of New Orleans – fearing that any nation that controlled the port controlled America’s destiny Napoleon of France offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory (recently acquired from Spain) for ready cash ($15 million) to help fund his plans for conquest of Europe Jefferson realized that the deal was too good to pass up (despite his strict interpretation of the Constitution) Result: U.S. doubled in size and Lewis & Clark went west in 1804-06 and made first U.S. claim to Oregon Country

  19. American Expansion to 1803 http://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?keyindex=121742&chapterskeyindex=402485&keyconceptskeyindex=-1&sceneclipskeyindex=-1&location=local

  20. Before we leave… • Keep class notes 12 & 13 in your binder • Work on completion of Homework 6 for next week if you did not already turn it in today • Meet in lab 224 on Monday for our lab on “Jefferson’s Legacy” – you will be able to work with a partner of your choice

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