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1. Introduction to the Climate System

1. Introduction to the Climate System. 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Overview of Midlatitude Climate 1.3 Overview of Tropical Climate Key Concepts from 1.1 Introduction: The climate system and its interacting components External and internal influences on the climate system

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1. Introduction to the Climate System

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  1. 1. Introduction to the Climate System • 1.1 Introduction • 1.2 Overview of Midlatitude Climate • 1.3 Overview of Tropical Climate • Key Concepts from 1.1 Introduction: • The climate system and its interacting components • External and internal influences on the climate system • Heat Capacity differences between land and ocean and the consequences of this for climate • Clausius Clapeyron equation and how this relates to variations in humidity and rainfall in the atmosphere

  2. 1.1 Introduction: The Global Climate System Figure 1.1

  3. 1.1 Introduction: The Atmosphere Figure 1.2

  4. 1.1 Introduction: The Atmosphere Figure 1.3

  5. 1.1 Introduction: The Atmosphere Compare heat capacity of air and water http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hyPLusD-tyM&feature=related

  6. 1.1 Introduction: The Atmosphere Figure 1.4

  7. 1.1 Introduction: The Atmosphere Figure 1.5

  8. 1.1 Introduction: The Atmosphere Figure 1.6

  9. 1.1 Introduction: The Atmosphere Figure 1.7

  10. 1.1 Introduction: The Atmosphere Figure 1.8

  11. 1.1 Introduction: The Ocean Figure 1.9

  12. 1.1 Introduction: The Ocean Figure 1.10

  13. 1.1 Introduction: The Ocean Figure 1.11

  14. 1.1 Introduction: The Ocean See IRI for ENSO discussion: http://portal.iri.columbia.edu/portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=491&mode=2

  15. 1.1 Introduction: The Ocean Figure 1.12

  16. 1.1 Introduction: The Land Surface Figure 1.13

  17. 1.1 Introduction: The Land Surface Figure 1.14

  18. The Sahara (>20N) The World’s Largest Desert Size: 9,000,000 square miles Temperature: 136F (58oC) Rainfall: Half of the Sahara receives < 0.79 inches per year Dust: World’s Largest Dust Source

  19. The Sahel (15-20N)

  20. The Soudan (10N-15N)

  21. The Guinea Coast (10N-15N)

  22. 1.1 Introduction: The Cryosphere

  23. 1.1 Introduction: The Cryosphere

  24. 1.1 Introduction: The Cryosphere NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (orange line shows average minimum ice extent (for 1979-2010 period). 2012 has lowest sea ice extent in more than 30 years.

  25. 1. Introduction to the Climate System • 1.1 Introduction • 1.2 Overview of Midlatitude Climate • 1.3 Overview of Tropical Climate • Key Concepts from 1.1 Introduction: • The climate system and its interacting components • External and internal influences on the climate system • Heat Capacity differences between land and ocean and the consequences of this for climate • Clausius Clapeyron equation and how this relates to variations in humidity and rainfall in the atmosphere • Next Sections will be concerned with the regional circulations and related weather that characterizes midlatitudes and the tropics

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