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The Renaissance

The Renaissance. WHI.13. The Renaissance. A. Rebirth of learning (14th-17th century) 1. rebirth or revival of 300 years 2. marked revival of art, literature, and learning 3. a bridge or transition between medieval and modern western Europe. B. Distinctive features of Renaissance

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The Renaissance

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  1. The Renaissance WHI.13

  2. The Renaissance A. Rebirth of learning (14th-17th century) 1. rebirth or revival of 300 years 2. marked revival of art, literature, and learning 3. a bridge or transition between medieval and modern western Europe

  3. B. Distinctive features of Renaissance 1. began with rediscovery of Greco-Roman civilization 2. emphasized reason, a questioning attitude, experimentation, and free inquiry versus medieval concern with faith, authority, and tradition

  4. 3. glorified the individual and approved worldly pleasures—viewing life as worthwhile for its own sake not in preparation for the hereafter

  5. 4. focused attention upon worldly matters arising out of a secular (non-religious) society rather than the medieval preoccupation with Roman Catholic Church and religious affairs 5. featured great achievements in literature, art, and science

  6. C. Renaissance—Starts in Italy because 1. center of Greco-Roman culture; Italy contained sculpture, buildings, roads, and manuscripts that excited curiosity about classical civilization 2. located on the Mediterranean; Italy had absorbed stimulating new ideas from the advanced Byzantine and Moslem worlds

  7. 3. benefited from revival of trade of Crusades; Italy had wealthy, influential people who became patrons (supporters) of literature, arts, and science

  8. If you have a lot of money, what should you do with it? • Increased wealth increased banking and credit. • The Church did not like the use of credit because it was taking the power away from the clergy and placing it on the bankers.

  9. 4. leading Renaissance patrons were a. certain Popes in Rome b. wealthy merchants in Venice c. the Sforza family in Milan d. the Medici family in Florence

  10. Ruling Families- Milan: - In 1277, Archbishop Ottone Visconti became lord of Milan and began one of the most famous of Renaissance dynasties. -Embarked on territorial expansion -In 1385, Gian Galeazzo made himself the master of the entire Milanese state.

  11. Ruling Families- Milan: • Gian Galeazzo: • he was a patron of the arts: • He conquered many cities in northern and central Italy • He paid propagandists to extol the blessings of Milanese rule. • Died in 1402, during a war with Florence • On the death of the Duke, the country did not have a powerful ruler with heirs. • By 1447, Milan set up a republic and hired Sforzato protect them. He became its new ruler.

  12. Ruling the Papal States • The Pope (Papal) was the head of the Church and the Papal States • Decline in power/authority/ respect due to some “bad” popes

  13. Trade • Trade encouraged the use of credit and banking • This helped to secularize northern Italy • Letters of credit helped to expand the supply of money • Arabic numerals were introduced

  14. D. Florence—preeminent Italian Renaissance city (Venice and Genoa were also key cities) • considered to be outstanding city of Italian Renaissance • Easy access to trade routes connected Europe with Middle Eastern Markets

  15. Florence Venice, and Genoa 3. Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe 4. initially these cities were independent city-states governed as republics

  16. 5. 15th century—under rule of Medici—a merchant family who amassed a fortune in wool trade and expanded into banking

  17. 6. Lorenzo the Magnificent (1469-1492) became the outstanding patron of Renaissance art 7. many residents achieved fame as Renaissance painters, sculptors, architects, and writers

  18. 8. attracted people from elsewhere in Italy, this city acquired many priceless works of art

  19. E. Renaissance Spreads 1. from Italy to France—the German states, Holland, and England 2. Through religious, military, and commercial contacts 3. scholars from North traveled to Italy to absorb Italian art and

  20. F. Humanism Illustrates Renaissance Spirit 1. literary movement that began in 14th century Italy a. definition: concern with everyday human problems not religion b. inspired by classical civilization—seeking, studying, and publicizing Greek and Roman manuscripts c. revived interest, chiefly among educated people in literature and writing

  21. 1. Petrarch—(1304-1374) Italian studied classics, wrote in Italian and Latin, wrote sonnets, expressed romantic love and appreciation of nature

  22. 2. Pico dellaMirando(a)—(1463-1494) Italian scholar of law, philosophy, Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and Arabic, spoke in the praise of the dignity of human beings

  23. 3. Erasmus—(1466-1536) Dutch classical scholar, wrote “Praise of Folly”; ridiculed superstition, prejudice, upper class privileges, and Church abuses; urged people to think about reforms

  24. 4. Sir Thomas More—(1478-1535) English wrote “Utopia”—ideal country free from war, injustice, poverty, and ignorance

  25. G. Vernacular replaces Latin in Literature 1. Middle Ages—Latin—language and literature of educated people and RCC 2. Vernacular or national languages used French, Italian, Spanish, German, and English evolved through everyday usage 3. writers used vernacular versus Latin

  26. a. Dante—(1265-1321) Italian 1. various government positions and exiled by political faction in Florence 2. known as the “father of modern Italian”

  27. 3. wrote “Divine Comedy” (long poem) one of the great literary masterpieces

  28. b. Boccaccio—(1313?-1375) Italian 1. humanist, poet, and writer 2. collection of Italian prose—short stories “The Decameron”

  29. c. Chaucer—(1340?-1400) English 1. admired works of Dante and Boccaccio 2. Cantebury Tales-pilgrims journeying to religions shrine at Cantebury

  30. H. Invention of Printing Encourages Literature 1. 1450—printing with movable type invented by German Johann Gutenburg

  31. 2. more output and accuracy and less cost 3. encouraged literacy and writing

  32. I. Renaissance Literary Achievement 1. Machiavelli—(1469-1527) Italian (Florence) a. politician b. wrote “The Prince”—major work on ethics and government, how rulers keep power “end justifies the means”—early modern treatise on government

  33. Machiavelli and The Prince • Based on Cezare Borgia, the son of Rodrigo Borgia (Pope Alexander VI) • Machiavelli observed the rulers of his day and came up with his own position on government: • An early modern treatise on government • Support absolute power of the ruler • Maintains that the ends justify the means • One should be good if possible, but evil if necessary

  34. 2. Cervantes—(1547-1616) Spanish a. ridiculed feudal society especially knighthood and chivalry b. Don Quixote de La Mancha

  35. 3. Shakespeare—(1564-1616) English considered greatest poet and playwright of all time sonnets—exquisite lines plays—superb dramatic technique

  36. d. Henry IV and V —histories e. Comedies—Twelfth Night, Midsummer Nights Dream f. Tragedies—Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Julius Caesar, MacBeth

  37. 4. Milton—(1608-1674) English a. Paradise Lost—biblical story of Creation and Garden of Eden b. Advocated freedom of the press

  38. Medieval Art

  39. J. Characteristics of Renaissance Art 1. Influenced by classical Greece and Rome (especially sculpture and architecture) 2. Painting emphasized realism, attention to detail, and desire for perfection

  40. 3. Painters realistic style—recreates biblical events—also landscapes, portraits, and scenes of everyday life 4. Still important today—tourism—visit and sales

  41. __________ Art ____________ Art

  42. K. Renaissance artistic achievements 1. Donatello—(1386?-1466) Florence 2. sculptor, carved busts, statuettes, friezes for cathedrals (upper sections of walls 3. famous for life-size statue of St. George in armor

  43. 2. Leonardo da Vinci—(1452-1519) Florence, Milan, and Rome a. “Ideal Renaissance Man”—versatile genius sculptor, painter, architect, musician, engineer, and scientist b. Military engineering—improved method of loading cannon

  44. c. Devised equipment for scaling walls d. Studied anatomy—sketched a parachute (from study of birds) and a flying machine e. Last Supper, Mona Lisa, self portrait

  45. 3. Michelangelo—(1475-1564) Florence and Rome a. also Renaissance genius sculptor, painter, poet, architect b. Sistine Chapel ceiling

  46. c. Carved Pieta d. Carved massive statues of David and Moses e. Designed dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral

  47. 4. Raphael—(1483-1520) Florence and Rome a. painter that captured tranquil beauty in many religious works b. Sistine Madonna 5. El Greco—(1547-1614)—Greek settled in Spain a. painted religious scenes b. Assumption and View of Toledo

  48. 6. Hals—(1586?-1666)—Dutch a. portraits of ordinary people and everyday life b. “Laughing Cavalier”

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