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Boundless Lecture Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides. Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com. Using Boundless Presentations. Boundless Teaching Platform

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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Studying Cells Cell Structure Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells The Endomembrane System and Proteins ] The Cytoskeleton Cell Structure Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities Cell Structure(continued) ] Cell Structure Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  6. Cell Structure > Studying Cells Studying Cells • Cells as the Basic Unit of Life • Microscopy • Cell Theory • Cell Size Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/studying-cells-58/

  7. Cell Structure > Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells • Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/prokaryotic-cells-59/

  8. Cell Structure > Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells • Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells • The Plasma Membrane and the Cytoplasm • The Nucleus and Ribosomes • Mitochondria • Comparing Plant and Animal Cells Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/eukaryotic-cells-60/

  9. Cell Structure > The Endomembrane System and Proteins The Endomembrane System and Proteins • Vesicles and Vacuoles • The Endoplasmic Reticulum • The Golgi Apparatus • Lysosomes • Peroxisomes Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/the-endomembrane-system-and-proteins-61/

  10. Cell Structure > The Cytoskeleton The Cytoskeleton • Microfilaments • Intermediate Filaments and Microtubules Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/the-cytoskeleton-62/

  11. Cell Structure > Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities • Extracellular Matrix of Animal Cells • Intercellular Junctions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/connections-between-cells-and-cellular-activities-63/

  12. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. Cell Structure Key terms • actinA globular structural protein that polymerizes in a helical fashion to form an actin filament (or microfilament). • adenosine triphosphatea multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme, often called the "molecular unit of energy currency" in intracellular energy transfer • alpha-proteobacteriaA taxonomic class within the phylum Proteobacteria — the phototropic proteobacteria. • autotrophAny organism that can synthesize its food from inorganic substances, using heat or light as a source of energy • cellThe basic unit of a living organism, consisting of a quantity of protoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane, which is able to synthesize proteins and replicate itself. • cell theoryThe scientific theory that all living organisms are made of cells as the smallest functional unit. • chromatina complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins within the cell nucleus out of which chromosomes condense during cell division • cofactoran inorganic molecule that is necessary for an enzyme to function • collagenAny of more than 28 types of glycoprotein that forms elongated fibers, usually found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue. • connexonAn assembly of six connexins forming a bridge called a gap junction between the cytoplasms of two adjacent cells. • cytoskeletonA cellular structure like a skeleton, contained within the cytoplasm. • electronThe subatomic particle having a negative charge and orbiting the nucleus; the flow of electrons in a conductor constitutes electricity. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Cell Structure • enzymea globular protein that catalyses a biological chemical reaction • enzymea globular protein that catalyses a biological chemical reaction • eukaryoticHaving complex cells in which the genetic material is organized into membrane-bound nuclei. • eukaryoticHaving complex cells in which the genetic material is organized into membrane-bound nuclei. • eukaryoticHaving complex cells in which the genetic material is contained within membrane-bound nuclei. • extracellular matrixAll the connective tissues and fibres that are not part of a cell, but rather provide support. • filamentousHaving the form of threads or filaments • flagelluma flagellum is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells • free radicalAny molecule, ion or atom that has one or more unpaired electrons; they are generally highly reactive and often only occur as transient species. • heterotrophan organism that requires an external supply of energy in the form of food, as it cannot synthesize its own • histoneany of various simple water-soluble proteins that are rich in the basic amino acids lysine and arginine and are complexed with DNA in the nucleosomes of eukaryotic chromatin • hypertonichaving a greater osmotic pressure than another Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. Cell Structure • hypotonicHaving a lower osmotic pressure than another; a cell in this environment causes water to enter the cell, causing it to swell. • lumenThe cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. • lysosomeAn organelle found in all types of animal cells which contains a large range of digestive enzymes capable of splitting most biological macromolecules. • microtubuleSmall tubes made of protein and found in cells; part of the cytoskeleton • myosina large family of motor proteins found in eukaryotic tissues, allowing mobility in muscles • nucleoidthe irregularly-shaped region within a prokaryote cell where the genetic material is localized • nucleolusa conspicuous, rounded, non-membrane bound body within the nucleus of a cell • occludinTogether with the claudin group of proteins, it is the main component of the tight junctions. • organelleA specialized structure found inside cells that carries out a specific life process (e.g. ribosomes, vacuoles). • phospholipidAny lipid consisting of a diglyceride combined with a phosphate group and a simple organic molecule such as choline or ethanolamine; they are important constituents of biological membranes • photosynthesisthe process by which plants and other photoautotrophs generate carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide, water, and light energy in chloroplasts • plasmodesmaA microscopic channel traversing the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  16. Cell Structure • prokaryoticOf cells, lacking a nucleus. • prokaryoticSmall cells in the domains Bacteria and Archaea that do not contain a membrane-bound nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. • proteoglycanAny of many glycoproteins that have heteropolysaccharide side chains • protistAny of the eukaryotic unicellular organisms including protozoans, slime molds and some algae; historically grouped into the kingdom Protoctista. • resolutionThe degree of fineness with which an image can be recorded or produced, often expressed as the number of pixels per unit of length (typically an inch). • reticulumA network • surface areaThe total area on the surface of an object. • vesicleA membrane-bound compartment found in a cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  17. Cell Structure Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis Ribosomes are made up of a large subunit (top) and a small subunit (bottom). During protein synthesis, ribosomes assemble amino acids into proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  18. Cell Structure Structure of an Animal Cell The cell is the basic unit of life and the study of the cell led to the development of the cell theory. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Diagram of an animal cell in three dimensions."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_an_animal_cell_in_three_dimensions.pngView on Boundless.com

  19. Cell Structure Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Rice University."The Cytoskeleton."CC BYhttp://naginata.cnx.rice.edu:9090/content/m10006/latest/View on Boundless.com

  20. Cell Structure Cell Surface Size Notice that as a cell increases in size, its surface area-to-volume ratio decreases.When there is insufficient surface area to support a cell's increasing volume, a cell will either divide or die.The cell on the left has a volume of 1 mm3 and a surface area of 6 mm2, with a surface area-to-volume ratio of 6 to 1, whereas the cell on the right has a volume of 8 mm3 and a surface area of 24 mm2, with a surface area-to-volume ratio of 3 to 1. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Prokaryotic Cells. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44406/latest/Figure_04_02_03.pngView on Boundless.com

  21. Cell Structure The Extracellular Matrix The extracellular matrix consists of a network of proteins and carbohydrates. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44413/latest/Figure_04_06_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. Cell Structure Surface Area to Volume Ratios Notice that as a cell increases in size, its surface area-to-volume ratio decreases. When there is insufficient surface area to support a cell’s increasing volume, a cell will either divide or die. The cell on the left has a volume of 1 mm3 and a surface area of 6 mm2, with a surface area-to-volume ratio of 6 to 1, whereas the cell on the right has a volume of 8 mm3 and a surface area of 24 mm2, with a surface area-to-volume ratio of 3 to 1. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."cells.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0http://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@9.87:pOpVdIwp@11/Prokaryotic-CellsView on Boundless.com

  23. Cell Structure Plant Cells Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, and plastids used for storage, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Cells. October 22, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m45432/latest/View on Boundless.com

  24. Cell Structure The nucleus stores the hereditary material of the cell The nucleus is the control center of the cell. The nucleus of living cells contains the genetic material that determines the entire structure and function of that cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Nucleus and DNA Replication. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m46073/latest/View on Boundless.com

  25. Cell Structure The Centrosome Structure The centrosome consists of two centrioles that lie at right angles to each other. Each centriole is a cylinder made up of nine triplets of microtubules. Nontubulin proteins (indicated by the green lines) hold the microtubule triplets together. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Cells. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/Figure_04_03_08.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Cell Structure Relative Size of Atoms to Humans This figure shows relative sizes on a logarithmic scale (recall that each unit of increase in a logarithmic scale represents a 10-fold increase in the quantity being measured). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."Figure_04_02_02.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0http://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@9.87:pOpVdIwp@11/Prokaryotic-CellsView on Boundless.com

  27. Cell Structure Plant Cell Structure The Central Vacuole in a typical plant cell is quite large and is surrounded by the tonoplast or vacuolar membrane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."649px-Plant_cell_structure_svg_vacuole.svg.png."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plant_cell_structure_svg_vacuole.svgView on Boundless.com

  28. Cell Structure Animal Cell In this animal cell illustration #4 denotes a vacuole. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Animal Cell."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_Cell.svgView on Boundless.com

  29. Cell Structure Light and Electron Microscopes (a) Most light microscopes used in a college biology lab can magnify cells up to approximately 400 times and have a resolution of about 200 nanometers. (b) Electron microscopes provide a much higher magnification, 100,000x, and a have a resolution of 50 picometers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Studying Cells. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44405/latest/Figure_04_01_01ab_new.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. Cell Structure Various Cell Types (a) Nasal sinus cells (viewed with a light microscope), (b) onion cells (viewed with a light microscope), and (c) Vibrio tasmaniensis bacterial cells (seen through a scanning electron microscope) are from very different organisms, yet all share certain characteristics of basic cell structure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44404/latest/Figure_04_00_00.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. Cell Structure Mitochondrial structure This electron micrograph shows a mitochondrion as viewed with a transmission electron microscope. This organelle has an outer membrane and an inner membrane. The inner membrane contains folds, called cristae, which increase its surface area. The space between the two membranes is called the intermembrane space, and the space inside the inner membrane is called the mitochondrial matrix. ATP synthesis takes place on the inner membrane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Cells. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/Figure_04_03_07.jpgView on Boundless.com

  32. Cell Structure General Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell This figure shows the generalized structure of a prokaryotic cell.All prokaryotes have chromosomal DNA localized in a nucleoid, ribosomes, a cell membrane, and a cell wall.The other structures shown are present in some, but not all, bacteria. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Prokaryotic Cells. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44406/latest/Figure_04_02_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  33. Cell Structure DNA is highly organized This image shows various levels of the organization of chromatin (DNA and protein). Along the chromatin threads, unwound protein-chromosome complexes, we find DNA wrapped around a set of histone proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  34. Cell Structure The Golgi apparatus sorts and packages cellular products The Golgi apparatus in this white blood cell is visible as a stack of semicircular, flattened rings in the lower portion of the image. Several vesicles can be seen near the Golgi apparatus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Endomembrane System and Proteins. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44435/latest/Figure_04_04_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  35. Cell Structure The Chloroplast Structure The chloroplast has an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and membrane structures called thylakoids that are stacked into grana. The space inside the thylakoid membranes is called the thylakoid space. The light harvesting reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes, and the synthesis of sugar takes place in the fluid inside the inner membrane, which is called the stroma. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Cells. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/Figure_04_03_10.jpgView on Boundless.com

  36. Cell Structure Cellulose Cellulose is a long chain of β-glucose molecules connected by a 1-4 linkage. The dashed lines at each end of the figure indicate a series of many more glucose units. The size of the page makes it impossible to portray an entire cellulose molecule. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Cells. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/Figure_04_03_09.jpgView on Boundless.com

  37. Cell Structure Lysosomes digest foreign substances that might harm the cell A macrophage has engulfed (phagocytized) a potentially pathogenic bacterium and then fuses with a lysosomes within the cell to destroy the pathogen. Other organelles are present in the cell but for simplicity are not shown. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Endomembrane System and Proteins. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44435/latest/Figure_04_04_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  38. Cell Structure Microfilaments are the thinnest component of the cytoskeleton. Microfilaments are made of two intertwined strands of actin. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Cytoskeleton. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44412/latest/Figure_04_05_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  39. Cell Structure Plasmodesmata A plasmodesma is a channel between the cell walls of two adjacent plant cells. Plasmodesmata allow materials to pass from the cytoplasm of one plant cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44413/latest/Figure_04_06_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  40. Cell Structure Tight Junctions Tight junctions form watertight connections between adjacent animal cells. Proteins create tight junction adherence. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44413/latest/Figure_04_06_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  41. Cell Structure Desmosomes A desmosome forms a very strong spot weld between cells. It is created by the linkage of cadherins and intermediate filaments. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44413/latest/Figure_04_06_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  42. Cell Structure Stained Keratin Intermediate filaments Keratin cytoskeletal intermediate filaments are concentrated around the edge of the cells and merge into the surface membrane. This network of intermediate filaments from cell to cell holds together tissues like skin. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Epithelial-cells."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epithelial-cells.jpgView on Boundless.com

  43. Cell Structure Microbial Size This figure shows relative sizes of microbes on a logarithmic scale (recall that each unit of increase in a logarithmic scale represents a 10-fold increase in the quantity being measured). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Prokaryotic Cells. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44406/latest/Figure_04_02_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  44. Cell Structure Eukaryotic Plasma Membrane The eukaryotic plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins and cholesterol embedded in it. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Cells. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/Figure_04_03_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  45. Cell Structure Osmosis Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane down its concentration gradient. If a membrane is permeable to water, though not to a solute, water will equalize its own concentration by diffusing to the side of lower water concentration (and thus the side of higher solute concentration). In the beaker on the left, the solution on the right side of the membrane is hypertonic. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Cell Membrane. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m46021/latest/View on Boundless.com

  46. Cell Structure Animal Cells Despite their fundamental similarities, there are some striking differences between animal and plant cells.Animal cells have centrioles, centrosomes, and lysosomes, whereas plant cells do not. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Cells. October 22, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m45432/latest/View on Boundless.com

  47. Cell Structure Eukaryotic Nucleus The nucleus stores chromatin (DNA plus proteins) in a gel-like substance called the nucleoplasm.The nucleolus is a condensed region of chromatin where ribosome synthesis occurs.The boundary of the nucleus is called the nuclear envelope.It consists of two phospholipid bilayers: an outer membrane and an inner membrane.The nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.Nuclear pores allow substances to enter and exit the nucleus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Cells. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/Figure_04_03_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  48. Cell Structure Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum This transmission electron micrograph shows the rough endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles in a pancreatic cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Endomembrane System and Proteins. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44435/latest/Figure_04_04_02_new.jpgView on Boundless.com

  49. Cell Structure Peroxisomes Peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain an abundance of enzymes for detoxifying harmful substances and lipid metabolism. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles. October 22, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m46023/latest/View on Boundless.com

  50. Cell Structure Phospholipid Bilayer The phospholipid bilayer consists of two adjacent sheets of phospholipids, arranged tail to tail. The hydrophobic tails associate with one another, forming the interior of the membrane. The polar heads contact the fluid inside and outside of the cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Cell Membrane. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m46021/latest/View on Boundless.com

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