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Occupational Health

Occupational Health. Dr. Pracheth R, Assistant Professor, Community Medicine. Introduction. Prevention of disease Maintain well-being Earlier: industrial health All types: agriculture. Ergonomics. Fitting job to worker Mutual adjustment of man and work

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Occupational Health

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  1. Occupational Health Dr. Pracheth R, Assistant Professor, Community Medicine

  2. Introduction • Prevention of disease • Maintain well-being • Earlier: industrial health • All types: agriculture

  3. Ergonomics • Fitting job to worker • Mutual adjustment of man and work • Improve human efficiency, well-being • Interaction in working environment: • Man and agents • Man and machine • Man and man

  4. Occupational hazards • Physical hazards: • Heat and cold: • Burns, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, cramps • Chillblains, frost bite • Light: • Poor lighting: eye strain, headache, eye pain, Miner’s nystagmus • Brightness: discomfort, fatigue

  5. Heat stroke

  6. Heat exhaustion

  7. Heat syncope

  8. Chillblains

  9. Frost bite

  10. Miner’s nystagmus

  11. Noise • Auditory effects: temporary or permanent hearing loss • Non-auditory effects: nervousness, fatigue, interference with speech, decreased efficiency

  12. Vibration • Range: 10-500 Hz- drills, hammers • Affect hands, arms • Blood vessels: sensitive-white fingers

  13. UV radiation • Welding • Intense conjunctivitis, keratitis (Welder’s Flash)

  14. Ionizing radiation • X-rays, radio-active isotopes • Genetic changes, malformation, cancer, leukaemia, ulceration

  15. Chemical hazards • Local action: dermatitis, eczema, ulcers, cancer-primary irritant action

  16. Inhalation • Dusts: • Size: 0.1 to 150 microns • Released to atmosphere: crushing, grinding • Smaller than 5 microns: dust • Soluble dusts: circulation- eliminated • Insoluble: permanent in lungs- pneumoconiosis: silicosis, anthracosis

  17. Continued….. • Gases: • Simple : oxygen, hydrogen • Asphyxiating: carbon monoxide, cyanide • Metals and other compounds: • Lead, arsenic, cadmium • Effects depend on duration, dose

  18. Ingestion • Lead, mercury, arsenic • These: swallowed in minute amounts: contaminated hands, food • Much: excreted, small: circulation

  19. Continued…. • Biological: Leptospirosis, anthrax, brucellosis, tetanus • Mechanical hazards: machines: accidents • Psychosocial hazards: • Failure to adapt • Insecurity, poor human relationships • Anxiety, depression, aggressiveness • Fatigue, headache, peptic ulcer, hypertension

  20. Occupational diseases classification • Physical agents: • Heat: hyperpyrexia, exhaustion, syncope, cramps, burns • Cold: trench foot, frost bite, chillblains • Light: occupational cataract, miner’s nystagmus • Noise: occupational deafness • Radiation: cancer, leukaemia • Mechanical: accidents, injuries • Electricity: burns

  21. Continued…. • Chemical agents: • Gases: CO2, CO, HCN, CS2 • Dusts: • Inorganic: Coal dust: anthracosis Silica: silicosis Asbestos: asbestosis Iron: siderosis

  22. Continued…. • Organic (vegetable) dusts: Cane fibre: bagassosis Cotton dust: byssinosis Tobacco: tobaccosis Hay or grain dust: farmer’s lung • Metals: lead, mercury, cadmium, manganese • Chemicals: acids, alkalies, pesticides

  23. Continued…. • Biological agents: brucellosis, leptospirosis, tetanus • Occupational cancers: skin, lungs, bladder • Dermatosis: dermatitis, eczema • Psychological origin: industrial neurosis, hypertension, peptic ulcer.

  24. Occupational hazards: agricultural workers • Zoonotic diseases: leptospirosis, tetanus, tuberculosis, brucellosis • Accidents: machinery, insect, snake bites • Toxic hazards: chemicals: fertilizers, pesticides • Physical: temperature, humidity • Respiratory diseases: dusts: grains, rice, tobacco: byssinosis, bagassosis, farmer’s lung, occupational asthma

  25. Occupational dermatitis • Physical: heat, cold, moisture, pressure • Chemical: acids, alkalies, dyes • Biological: viruses, bacteria, fungi • Plant products: leaves, vegetables, fruits, flowers

  26. Prevention • Pre-selection • Protection: leather gloves, aprons, boots • Personal hygiene: washing facilities • Periodic inspection

  27. Occupational cancer • Skin cancer: • Coal tar, x-rays • Nearly 75%: skin • Gas workers, dye makers, road makers • Lung cancer: • Gas, asbestos, mining of uranium • 9/10th : tobacco, air pollution, occupational exposure

  28. Continued….. • Cancer bladder: • Aniline, rubber, dye, electric cables • Beta-naphthylamines • Leukaemia: • Benzol, X-rays, radio-active substances

  29. Characteristics of occupational cancer • Prolonged exposure • Period: 10-25 years • Even after stoppage of exposure • Average age earlier

  30. Control • Elimination carcinogens: well-designed building, closed system • Medical examination • Inspection of factories • Notification • Licensing • Personal hygeine • Education • Reseach

  31. Radiation hazards • Radium: watches, paints, mining, medicine • Infrared: welding, glass • Effects: • Burns, dermatitis, chronic: cancer • Lung cancer: uranium miners-inhale radio-active dust

  32. Preventive measures • Inhalation, swallowing, direct contact avoided • X-rays: shielding • Monitored periodically: film badge/pocket electrometer • Ventilation of work-place • Periodic examination workers-2 months • Pregnant women not allowed to work

  33. Summary

  34. Thanks

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